Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-m6dg7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T16:50:47.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

17 - The Southern Ocean

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 July 2017

P. Keith Probert
Affiliation:
University of Otago, New Zealand
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Marine Conservation , pp. 445 - 467
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arkema, K.K., Abramson, S.C. & Dewsbury, B.M. (2006). Marine ecosystem-based management: from characterization to implementation. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4, 525–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrigo, K.R., Lubin, D., van Dijken, G.L., Holm-Hansen, O. & Morrow, E. (2003). Impact of a deep ozone hole on Southern Ocean primary production. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (C5), article 3154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arrigo, K.R., van Dijken, G.L. & Bushinsky, S. (2008). Primary production in the Southern Ocean, 1997–2006. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113 (C8), article C08004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, A., Siegel, V., Pakhomov, E.A., Jessopp, M.J. & Loeb, V. (2009). A re-appraisal of the total biomass and annual production of Antarctic krill. Deep-Sea Research I, 56, 727–40.Google Scholar
Barbraud, C., Marteau, C., Ridoux, V., Delord, K. & Weimerskirch, H. (2008). Demographic response of a population of white-chinned petrels Procellaria aequinoctialis to climate and longline fishery bycatch. Journal of Applied Ecology, 45, 1460–7.Google Scholar
Bednaršek, N., Tarling, G.A., Bakker, D.C.E., et al. (2012). Extensive dissolution of live pteropods in the Southern Ocean. Nature Geoscience, 5, 881–5.Google Scholar
Bengtson, J.L. (2009). Crabeater seal Lobodon carcinophaga. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 290–2. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Berkman, P.A. (1992). The Antarctic marine ecosystem and humankind. Reviews in Aquatic Sciences, 6, 295333.Google Scholar
Bonner, W.N. (1984). Conservation and the Antarctic. In Antarctic Ecology Vol. 2, ed. Laws, R.M., pp. 821–50. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bowman, M., Davies, P. & Redgwell, C. (2010). Lyster’s International Wildlife Law, 2nd edn. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boyd, I.L. (2002). Antarctic marine mammals. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, ed. Perrin, W.F., Würsig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M, pp. 30–6. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Brandt, A., De Broyer, C., Ebbe, B., et al. (2012). Southern Ocean deep benthic biodiversity. In Antarctic Ecosystems: An Extreme Environment in a Changing World, ed. Rogers, A.D., Johnston, N.M., Murphy, E.J. & Clarke, A., pp. 291334. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Brierley, A.S. & Thomas, D.N. (2002). Ecology of Southern Ocean pack ice. Advances in Marine Biology, 43, 171276.Google Scholar
Brooke, M. (2004). The food consumption of the world’s seabirds. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 271 (Suppl. 4), S246–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Chown, S.L., Clarke, A., Fraser, C.I., et al. (2015). The changing form of Antarctic biodiversity. Nature, 522, 431–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chown, S.L., Lee, J.E., Hughes, K.A., et al. (2012). Challenges to the future conservation of the Antarctic. Science, 337, 158–9.Google Scholar
Clarke, A. & Johnston, N.M. (2003). Antarctic marine benthic diversity. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 41, 47114.Google Scholar
Collins, M.A., Brickle, P., Brown, J. & Belchier, M. (2010). The Patagonian toothfish: biology, ecology and fishery. Advances in Marine Biology, 58, 227300.Google Scholar
Constable, A.J. (2011). Lessons from CCAMLR on the implementation of the ecosystem approach to managing fisheries. Fish and Fisheries, 12, 138–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constable, A.J., de la Mare, W.K., Agnew, D.J., Everson, I. & Miller, D. (2000). Managing fisheries to conserve the Antarctic marine ecosystem: practical implementation of the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57, 778–91.Google Scholar
Constable, A.J., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Corney, S.P., et al. (2014). Climate change and Southern Ocean ecosystems I: how changes in physical habitats directly affect marine biota. Global Change Biology, 20, 3004–25.Google Scholar
Dayton, P.K., Mordida, B.J. & Bacon, F. (1994). Polar marine communities. American Zoologist, 34, 90–9.Google Scholar
De Broyer, C., Koubbi, P., Griffiths, H.J., et al. (eds.). (2014). Biogeographic Atlas of the Southern Ocean. Cambridge, UK: Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research.Google Scholar
Eastman, J.T. (2005). The nature of the diversity of Antarctic fishes. Polar Biology, 28, 93107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fabry, V.J., McClintock, J.B., Mathis, J.T. & Grebmeier, J.M. (2009). Ocean acidification at high latitudes: the bellwether. Oceanography, 22, 160–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores, H., Atkinson, A., Kawaguchi, S., et al. (2012). Impact of climate change on Antarctic krill. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 458, 119.Google Scholar
Gaichas, S., Reiss, C. & Koen-Alonso, M. (2014). Ecosystem-based management in high latitude ecosystems. In The Sea, Vol. 16, Marine Ecosystem-Based Management, ed. Fogarty, M.J. & McCarthy, J.J., pp. 277324. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Garcia Borboroglu, P. & Boersma, P.D. (ed.). (2013). Penguins: Natural History and Conservation. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Grant, S.M. (2005). The applicability of international conservation instruments to the establishment of marine protected areas in Antarctica. Ocean & Coastal Management, 48, 782812.Google Scholar
Grant, S.M., Convey, P., Hughes, K.A., Phillips, R.A. & Trathan, P.N. (2012). Conservation and management of Antarctic ecosystems. In Antarctic Ecosystems: an Extreme Environment in a Changing World, ed. Rogers, A.D., Johnston, N.M., Murphy, E.J. & Clarke, A., pp. 492525. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gray, J.S. (2001). Antarctic marine benthic biodiversity in a world-wide latitudinal context. Polar Biology, 24, 633–41.Google Scholar
Gutt, J., Bertler, N., Bracegirdle, T.J., et al. (2015). The Southern Ocean ecosystem under multiple climate change stresses – an integrated circumpolar assessment. Global Change Biology, 21, 1434–53.Google Scholar
Hewitt, R. & Lipsky, J.D. (2009). Krill and other plankton. In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 2nd edn, ed. Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. & Thewissen, J.G.M., pp. 657–64. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Holt, S. (2000). Whales and whaling. In Seas at the Millennium: An Environmental Evaluation, vol. III, ed. Sheppard, C., pp. 7388. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science Ltd.Google Scholar
Jenouvrier, S., Holland, M., Stroeve, J., et al. (2014). Projected continent-wide declines of the emperor penguin under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 4, 715–18.Google Scholar
Jones, C.D. & Lockhart, S.J. (2011). Detecting Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems in the Southern Ocean using research trawls and underwater imagery. Marine Policy, 35, 732–6.Google Scholar
Joyner, C.C. (1989). The evolving Antarctic legal regime. American Journal of International Law, 83, 605–26.Google Scholar
Knox, G.A. (2007). Biology of the Southern Ocean, 2nd edn. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Laws, R.M. (1977). Seals and whales of the Southern Ocean. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 279, 8196.Google Scholar
Lenihan, H.S., Oliver, J.S., Oakden, J.M. & Stephenson, M.D. (1990). Intense and localized benthic marine pollution around McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 21, 422–30.Google Scholar
Lynch, H.J., Crosbie, K., Fagan, W.F. & Naveen, R. (2010). Spatial patterns of tour ship traffic in the Antarctic Peninsula region. Antarctic Science, 22, 123–30.Google Scholar
McLeod, K.L. & Leslie, H.M. (2009). Why ecosystem-based management? In Ecosystem-Based Management for the Oceans, ed. McLeod, K. & Leslie, H., pp. 312. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Miller, D.G.M. (1991). Exploitation of Antarctic marine living resources: a brief history and a possible approach to managing the krill fishery. South African Journal of Marine Science, 10, 321–39.Google Scholar
Miller, D.G.M. (2000). The Southern Ocean: a global view. Ocean Yearbook, 14, 468513.Google Scholar
Miller, D. & Agnew, D. (2000). Management of krill fisheries in the Southern Ocean. In Krill: Biology, Ecology and Fisheries, ed. Everson, I., pp. 300–37. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Mori, M. & Butterworth, D. S. (2006). A first step towards modelling the krill–predator dynamics of the Antarctic ecosystem. CCAMLR Science, 13, 217–77.Google Scholar
Nicol, S., Bowie, A., Jarman, S., et al. (2010). Southern Ocean iron fertilization by baleen whales and Antarctic krill. Fish and Fisheries, 11, 203–9.Google Scholar
Nicol, S., Foster, J. & Kawaguchi, S. (2012). The fishery for Antarctic krill – recent developments. Fish and Fisheries, 13, 3040.Google Scholar
Österblom, H. & Bodin, Ö (2012). Global cooperation among diverse organizations to reduce illegal fishing in the Southern Ocean. Conservation Biology, 26, 638–48.Google Scholar
Pinkerton, M.H. & Bradford-Grieve, J.M. (2014). Characterizing foodweb structure to identify potential ecosystem effects of fishing in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71, 1542–53.Google Scholar
Robinson, S.A. & Erickson, D.J. III (2015). Not just about sunburn – the ozone hole’s profound effect on climate has significant implications for Southern Hemisphere ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 21, 515–27.Google Scholar
Sage, B. (1985). Conservation and exploitation. In Key Environments – Antarctica, ed. Bonner, W.N. & Walton, D.W.H., pp. 351–69. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Scott, K.N. (2013). Marine protected areas in the Southern Ocean. In The Law of the Sea and the Polar Regions: Interactions Between Global and Regional Regimes, ed. Molenaar, E.J., Oude Elferink, A.G. & Rothwell, D.R., pp. 113–37. Leiden, Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill.Google Scholar
Scott, K.N. (2014). Protecting the last ocean: the proposed Ross Sea MPA. Prospects and Progress. In Jurisdiction and Control at Sea: Some Environmental and Security Issues, ed. Andreone, G., pp. 7990. Naples, Italy: Giannini Editore.Google Scholar
Sherman, K., Sissenwine, M., Christensen, V., et al. (2005). A global movement toward an ecosystem approach to management of marine resources. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 300, 275–9.Google Scholar
Siniff, D.B. (1991). An overview of the ecology of Antarctic seals. American Zoologist, 31, 143–9.Google Scholar
Spalding, M.D., Agostini, V.N., Rice, J. & Grant, S.M. (2012). Pelagic provinces of the world: a biogeographic classification of the world’s surface pelagic waters. Ocean & Coastal Management, 60, 1930.Google Scholar
Stark, J.S., Kim, S.L. & Oliver, J.S. (2014). Anthropogenic disturbance and biodiversity of marine benthic communities in Antarctica: a regional comparison. PLoS ONE, 9, e98802.Google Scholar
Surma, S., Pakhomov, E.A. & Pitcher, T.J. (2014). Effects of whaling on the structure of the Southern Ocean food web: insights on the ‘krill surplus’ from ecosystem modelling. PLoS ONE, 9, e114978.Google Scholar
Sutherland, W.J., Aveling, R., Brooks, T.M., et al. (2014). A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2014. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 29, 1522.Google Scholar
Thomas, D.N., Fogg, G.E., Convey, P., et al. (2008). The Biology of Polar Regions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tin, T., Fleming, Z.L., Hughes, K.A., et al. (2009). Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment. Antarctic Science, 21, 333.Google Scholar
Trivelpiece, W.Z., Hinke, J.T., Miller, A.K., et al. (2011). Variability in krill biomass links harvesting and climate warming to penguin population changes in Antarctica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108, 7625–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verbitsky, J. (2013). Antarctic tourism management and regulation: the need for change. Polar Record, 49, 278–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, R., Pauly, D., Christensen, V., et al. (2003). Mapping fisheries onto marine ecosystems for regional, oceanic and global integrations. In Large Marine Ecosystems of the World: Trends in Exploitation, Protection, and Research, ed. Hempel, G. & Sherman, K., pp. 375–95. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • The Southern Ocean
  • P. Keith Probert, University of Otago, New Zealand
  • Book: Marine Conservation
  • Online publication: 13 July 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139043588.018
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • The Southern Ocean
  • P. Keith Probert, University of Otago, New Zealand
  • Book: Marine Conservation
  • Online publication: 13 July 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139043588.018
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • The Southern Ocean
  • P. Keith Probert, University of Otago, New Zealand
  • Book: Marine Conservation
  • Online publication: 13 July 2017
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139043588.018
Available formats
×