By the mid 1850s, Caribbean planters and imperial officials alike embraced Indian migration not simply as the only viable option for the sugar estates, but as a reasonably good one in its own right. However, the indentured immigration system remained piecemeal and improvisatory in ways scarcely less deadly than the experimental migration of the later 1840s. The acceptance of collateral Indian death as part of the providential order of things was a marked feature of the British approach to constructing the migratory apparatus. The indenture regime built over the course of the 1850s was based on the abiding unfreedom of the increasingly Brown workforce on the sugar estates. Colonial and imperial statesmen insisted no less than the planters that indentured immigration was rooted in the autonomous choice of Indian labourers, and that it lifted those labourers not only in the scale of affluence, but also in the civilisational scale. But the fortunes of Indian migrants were decidedly mixed, and their conditions of life and labour became more, not less, restrictive over the first two decades of sustained indentured immigration from 1850 to 1870.