Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-v9fdk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T04:56:47.513Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 31 - Social and Educational Impacts of Epidemics and Pandemics

from Section 4 - Responses to Meet the Mental Health Needs of People Affected by Emergencies, Major Incidents, and Pandemics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2024

Richard Williams
Affiliation:
University of South Wales
Verity Kemp
Affiliation:
Independent Health Emergency Planning Consultant
Keith Porter
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham
Tim Healing
Affiliation:
Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London
John Drury
Affiliation:
University of Sussex
Get access

Summary

The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted the educational and social lives of millions of children across the globe. Many governments attempted to curb the spread of the virus by closing schools or allowing them to remain open only for certain students, necessitating a rapid adjustment to remote home learning for schools and families. In the UK, this led to huge variability in the provision of educational materials, in children’s engagement, and in parents’ capacity to support home learning. This chapter describes the impacts of the school closures on families’ and students’ educational and socioemotional development.

Type
Chapter
Information
Major Incidents, Pandemics and Mental Health
The Psychosocial Aspects of Health Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters and Disease Outbreaks
, pp. 231 - 240
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Azevedo, JP, Hasan, A, Goldemberg, D, Iqbal, SA, Geven, K. Simulating the Potential Impacts of COVID-19 School Closures on Schooling and Learning Outcomes: A Set of Global Estimates. Policy Research Working Paper No. 9284. World Bank, 2020.Google Scholar
Goudeau, S, Sanrey, C, Stanczak, A, Manstead, A, Darnon, C. Why lockdown and distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to increase the social class achievement gap. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5: 1273–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Easterbrook, MJ, Harris, PR, Phalet, K, Lisiecka, Z, Kosakowska-Berezecka, N. Will COVID-19 Increase Educational Inequalities? European Association for Social Psychology Rapid Response Funding, 2020.Google Scholar
Lacey, A. Family Adjustment During COVID-19 Epidemic: Impact on Children with Special Needs and their Families in Birmingham. 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ex5np.sGoogle Scholar
Lacey, A, Banerjee, RA, Docklova, L, Lester, KJ. ‘I miss the normalness’: mother and child perspectives of well-being and effective remote support from primary schools during COVID-19 school closures. BMC Psychol 2023 [manuscript pre-publication].Google Scholar
Bayrakdar, S, Guveli, A. Inequalities in Home Learning and Schools’ Provision of Distance Teaching During School Closure of COVID-19 Lockdown in the UK. Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, 2020 (www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/227790/1/1703719352.pdf).Google Scholar
Dorn, E, Hancock, B, Sarakatsannis, J, Viruleg, E. COVID-19 and Student Learning in the United States: The Hurt Could Last a Lifetime. McKinsey & Company, 2020.Google Scholar
Education Endowment Foundation. Impact of School Closures on the Attainment Gap: Rapid Evidence Assessment. Education Endowment Foundation, 2020 (educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/covid-19-resources/best-evidence-on-impact-of-school-closures-on-the-attainment-gap/).Google Scholar
Blainey, K, Hannay, T. The Impact of School Closures on Autumn 2020 Attainment. RS Assessment, 2021 (www.risingstars-uk.com/media/Rising-Stars/Assessment/RS_Assessment_white_paper_2021_impact_of_school_closures_on_autumn_2020_attainment.pdf).Google Scholar
Renaissance Learning Education Policy Institute. Understanding Progress in the 2020/21 Academic Year. Department for Education, 2021 (https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/962330/Learning_Loss_Report_1A_-_FINAL.pdf).Google Scholar
Rose, S, Twist, L, Lord, P, Rutt, S, Badr, K, Hope, C, et al. Impact of School Closures and Subsequent Support Strategies on Attainment and Socio-Emotional Wellbeing in Key Stage 1: Interim Paper 1. Education Endowment Foundation, National Foundation for Educational Research, 2021 (https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/public/files/Publications/Covid-19_Resources/Impact_of_school_closures_KS1_interim_findings_paper_-_Jan_2021.pdf).Google Scholar
Domingue, B, Hough, HJ, Lang, D, Yeatman, J. Changing Patterns of Growth in Oral Reading Fluency During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Policy Analysis for California Education (PACE), 2021 (https://edpolicyinca.org/publications/changing-patterns-growth-oralreading-fluency-during-covid-19-pandemic).Google Scholar
Engzell, P, Frey, A, Verhagen, MD. Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2021; 118: e2022376118.Google Scholar
Maldonado, JE, De Witte, K. The Effect of School Closures on Standardized Student Test Outcomes. KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business, 2020 (https://limo.libis.be/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=LIRIAS3189074&context=L&vid=Lirias&search_scope=Lirias&tab=defaulttab&lang=en_US).Google Scholar
Cameron, L, Tenenbaum, HR. Lessons from developmental science to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 restrictions on social development. Group Proc Intergroup Relations 2021; 24: 231–6.Google Scholar
Department for Education. State of the Nation 2020: Children and Young People’s Wellbeing. Department for Education, 2020 (www.gov.uk/government/publications/state-of-the-nation-2020-children-and-young-peoples-wellbeing).Google Scholar
Ellis, WE, Dumas, TM, Forbes, LM. Physically isolated but socially connected: psychological adjustment and stress among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 crisis. Can J Behav Sci 2020; 52: 177–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
NHS Digital. Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2020: Wave 1 Follow Up to the 2017 Survey. NHS Digital, 2020 (https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2020-wave-1-follow-up#resources).Google Scholar
Asbury, K, Fox, L, Deniz, E, Code, A, Toseeb, U. How is COVID-19 affecting the mental health of children with special educational needs and disabilities and their families? J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51: 1772–80.Google Scholar
Creswell, C, Shum, A, Pearcey, S, Skripkauskaite, S, Patalay, P, Waite, P. Young people’s mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2021; 5: 535–7.Google Scholar
Pearcey, S, Raw, J, Shum, A, Waite, P, Creswell, C. Report 07: Changes in Parents’ Mental Health Symptoms and Stressors from April to December 2020. Co-SPACE, 2021 (https://cospaceoxford.org/findings/changes-in-parents-mental-health-symptoms-and-stressors-jan-2021/).Google Scholar
Shum, A, Skripkauskaite, S, Pearcey, S, Waite, P, Creswell, C. Report 09: Update on Children’s and Parents’/Carers’ Mental Health. Changes in Parents’/Carers’ Ability to Balance Childcare and Work: March 2020 to February 2021. Co-SPACE, 2021 (https://cospaceoxford.org/findings/changes-in-parents-carers-ability-to-balance-childcare-and-work-march-2020-to-february-2021/).Google Scholar
Andrew, A, Cattan, S, Costa Dias, M, Farquharson, C, Kraftman, L, Krutikova, S, et al. Inequalities in children’s experiences of home learning during the COVID‐19 lockdown in England. Fisc Stud 2020; 41: 653–83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cullinane, C, Montacute, R. Research Brief: April 2020: COVID-19 and Social Mobility Impact Brief# 1: School Shutdown. The Sutton Trust, 2020 (www.suttontrust.com/our-research/covid-19-and-social-mobility-impact-brief/).Google Scholar
Julius, J, Sims, D. Schools’ Responses to COVID-19: Support for Vulnerable Pupils and the Children of Keyworkers. National Foundation for Educational Research, 2020 (www.nfer.ac.uk/schools-responses-to-covid-19-support-for-vulnerable-pupils-and-the-children-of-keyworkers/).Google Scholar
Borman, G. What Can Be Done to Address Learning Losses due to School Closures? The Answer Lab, Center on Education Policy, Equity and Governance, 2020 (https://theanswerlab.rossier.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Answer-Lab-COVID-19-Slide-202006-Final-1.pdf).Google Scholar
Reimers, FM, Schleicher, A. A Framework to Guide an Educational Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2020 (https://oecd.dam-broadcast.com/pm_7379_126_126988-t63lxosohs.pdf).Google Scholar
Children’s Commissioner for Wales. Coronavirus and Me. Children’s Commissioner for Wales, 2021 (www.childcomwales.org.uk/coronavirus-our-work/coronavirus-and-me-results/).Google Scholar
Easterbrook, MJ, Doyle, L, Grozev, VH, Kosakowska-Berezecka, N, Harris, PR, Phalet, K. Socioeconomic and gender inequalities in home learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: examining the roles of the home environment, parent supervision, and educational provisions. Educ Dev Psychol 2023; 40: 2739.Google Scholar
Parnham, JC, Laverty, AA, Majeed, A, Vamos, EP. Half of children entitled to free school meals did not have access to the scheme during COVID-19 lockdown in the UK. Public Health 2020; 187: 161–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castro, M, Expósito-Casas, E, López-Martín, E, Lizasoain, L, Navarro-Asencio, E, Gaviria, JL. Parental involvement on student academic achievement: a meta-analysis. Educ Res Rev 2015; 14: 3346.Google Scholar
Desforges, C, Abouchaar, A. The Impact of Parental Involvement, Parental Support and Family Education on Pupil Achievement and Adjustment: A Literature Review. Department for Education and Skills, 2003 (https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/6305/).Google Scholar
Guterman, O, Neuman, A. Personality, socio-economic status and education: factors that contribute to the degree of structure in homeschooling. Soc Psychol Educ 2018; 21: 7590.Google Scholar
Children’s Commissioner for England. School Attendance Since September: Briefing. Children’s Commissioner for England, 2020 (www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cco-briefing-on-school-attendance-since-september.pdf).Google Scholar
Hill, NE, Taylor, LC. Parental school involvement and children’s academic achievement: pragmatics and issues. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2004; 13: 161–4.Google Scholar
Davis, CR, Grooms, J, Ortega, A, Rubalcaba, JA-A, Vargas, E. Distance learning and parental mental health during COVID-19. Educ Res 2021; 50: 61–4.Google Scholar
Cameron, L, Tenenbaum, HR. Lessons from developmental science to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 restrictions on social development. Group Proc Intergroup Relations 2021; 24: 231–6.Google Scholar
Loades, ME, Chatburn, E, Higson-Sweeney, N, Reynolds, S, Shafran, R, Brigden, A, et al. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59: 1218–39.e3.Google Scholar
Children’s Commissioner for England. Stress Among Children in England During the Coronavirus Lockdown. Children’s Commissioner for England, 2020 (www.childrenscommission-r.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cco-stress-among-children-in-england-during-the-coronavirus-lockdown.pdf).Google Scholar
Department for Education. Attendance in Education and Early Years Settings During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak. Department for Education, 2020 (https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/attendance-in-education-and-early-years-settings-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak).Google Scholar
Sosu, E, Klein, M. Socioeconomic Disparities in School Absenteeism After the First Wave of COVID-19 School Closures in Scotland. University of Strathclyde, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shum, A, Skripkauskaite, S, Pearcey, S, Waite, P, Creswell, C. Report 09: Update on Children’s and Parents’/Carers’ Mental Health. Changes in Parents’/Carers’ Ability to Balance Childcare and Work: March 2020 to February 2021. Co-SPACE, 2021 (https://cospaceoxford.org/findings/changes-in-parents-carers-ability-to-balance-childcare-and-work-march-2020-to-february-2021/).Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. The forms of capital. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (ed. Richardson, J): 241–58. Greenwood, 1986.Google Scholar
Aries, E, Seider, M. The interactive relationship between class identity and the college experience: the case of lower income students. Qual Sociol 2005; 28: 419–43.Google Scholar
Bufton, S. The lifeworld of the university student: habitus and social class. J Phenomenol Psychol 2003; 34: 207–34.Google Scholar
Reay, D, Crozier, G, Clayton, J. ‘Strangers in paradise’? Working-class students in elite universities. Sociology 2009; 43: 1103–21.Google Scholar
Andrew, A, Cattan, S, Costa Dias, M, Farquharson, C, Kraftman, L, Krutikova, S, et al. Inequalities in children’s experiences of home learning during the COVID‐19 lockdown in England. Fisc Stud 2020; 41: 653–83.Google Scholar
Kim, LE, Dundas, S, Asbury, K. ‘I think it’s been difficult for the ones that haven’t got as many resources in their homes’: teacher concerns about the impact of COVID-19 on pupil learning and wellbeing. Teach Teaching 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2021.1982690.Google Scholar
Pensiero, N, Kelley, T, Bokhove, C. Learning Inequalities During the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Families Cope with Home-Schooling. Southampton Education School, University of Southampton, 2020.Google Scholar
Batruch, A, Autin, F, Butera, F. Re-establishing the social-class order: restorative reactions against high-achieving, low-SES pupils. J Soc Issues 2017; 73: 4260.Google Scholar
Doyle, L, Easterbrook, MJ, Harris, PR. Roles of socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and teacher beliefs in academic grading. Br J Educ Psychol 2022; 93: 91112.Google Scholar
Easterbrook, MJ, Kuppens, T, Manstead, AS. The education effect: higher educational qualifications are robustly associated with beneficial personal and socio-political outcomes. Soc Indic Res 2016; 126: 1261–98.Google Scholar
Essau, CA, Lewinsohn, PM, Olaya, B, Seeley, JR. Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30. J Affect Disord 2014; 16: 125–32.Google Scholar
Maughan, B, Collishaw, S. Development and psychopathology: a life course perspective. In Rutter’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (eds Thapar, A, Pine, DS, Leckman, JF, Scott, S, Snowling, MJ, Taylor, EA): 516. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.Google Scholar
Jaycox, LH, Stein, BD, Paddock, S, Miles, JNV, Chandra, A, Meredith, LS, et al. Impact of teen depression on academic, social, and physical functioning. Pediatrics 2009; 124: e596–605.Google Scholar
McLeod, JD, Kaiser, K. Childhood emotional and behavioral problems and educational attainment. Am Sociol Rev 2004; 69: 636–58.Google Scholar
Knapp, M, King, D, Healey, A, Thomas, C. Economic outcomes in adulthood and their associations with antisocial conduct, attention deficit and anxiety problems in childhood. J Ment Health Policy Econ 2011; 14: 137–47.Google Scholar
Layard, R, Clark, AE, Cornaglia, F, Powdthavee, N, Vernoit, J. What predicts a successful life? A life-course model of well-being. Econ J 2014; 124: F720–38.Google Scholar
Parnham, JC, Laverty, AA, Majeed, A, Vamos, EP. Half of children entitled to free school meals did not have access to the scheme during COVID-19 lockdown in the UK. Public Health 2020; 187: 161–4.Google Scholar
Toste, JR, Raley, SK, Gross Toews, S, Shogren, KA, Coelho, G. ‘Eye opening and chaotic’: resilience and self-determination of secondary students with disabilities amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. J Educ Stud Placed Risk 2021; 26: 157–83.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×