Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-t5tsf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T17:06:07.722Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 4 - Responses to Meet the Mental Health Needs of People Affected by Emergencies, Major Incidents, and Pandemics

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2024

Richard Williams
Affiliation:
University of South Wales
Verity Kemp
Affiliation:
Independent Health Emergency Planning Consultant
Keith Porter
Affiliation:
University of Birmingham
Tim Healing
Affiliation:
Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London
John Drury
Affiliation:
University of Sussex
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Major Incidents, Pandemics and Mental Health
The Psychosocial Aspects of Health Emergencies, Incidents, Disasters and Disease Outbreaks
, pp. 187 - 272
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Williams, R, Bisson, JI, Kemp, V. Health care planning for community disaster care. In Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry 2nd ed. (eds Ursano, RJ, Fullerton, CS, Weisaeth, L, Raphael, B): 244–60. Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Fullerton, CS, Ursano, RJ, Weisaeth, L, Raphael, B. Public health and disaster mental health: preparing, responding and recovering. In Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry 2nd ed. (eds Ursano, RJ, Fullerton, CS, Weisaeth, L, Raphael, B): 325–39. Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
McFarlane, A, Williams, R. Mental health services required after disasters: learning from the lasting effects of disasters. Depress Res Treat 2012; 2012: 970194.Google Scholar
Inter-Agency Standing Committee. IASC Guidelines on Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings: Checklist for Field Use. Inter-Agency Standing Committee, 2008.Google Scholar
Tol, WA, van Ommeren, M. Evidence-based mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: gaps and opportunities. Evid Based Ment Health 2012; 15: 25–6.Google Scholar
Morganstein, JC, Herberman Mash, HB, Vance, MC, Fullerton, CS, Ursano, RJ. Public mental health interventions following disasters. In Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice 3rd ed. (eds Friedman, MJ, Schnurr, PP, Keane, TM): 570–88. The Guilford Press, 2021.Google Scholar
Naldi, A, Vallelonga, F, Di Liberto, A, Cavallo, R, Agnesone, M, Gonella, M, et al. COVID-19 pandemic-related anxiety, distress and burnout: prevalence and associated factors in healthcare workers of North-West Italy. BJPsych Open 2021; 7: e27.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cromby, J, Harper, D, Reavey, P. Psychology, Mental Health and Distress. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.Google Scholar
Alexander, DA. Early mental health interventions after disasters. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2005; 11: 1218.Google Scholar
Alexander, DA, Klein, S. First responders after disasters: a review of stress reactions, at-risk, vulnerability, and resilience factors. Prehosp Disaster Med 2009; 24: 8794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, R, Kemp, V, Alexander, DA. The psychosocial and mental health of people who are affected by conflict, catastrophes, terrorism, adversity and displacement. In Conflict and Catastrophe Medicine 3rd ed. (eds Ryan, J, Hopperus Buma, A, Beadling, C, Mozumder, A, Nott, DM, Rich, NM, et al.): 805–49. Springer, 2014.Google Scholar
Forbes, D, O’Donnell, M, Bryant, RA. Psychosocial recovery following community disasters: an international collaboration. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017; 51: 660–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). Psychosocial Care for People Affected by Disasters and Major Incidents: A Model for Designing, Delivering and Managing Psychosocial Services for People Involved in Major Incidents, Conflict, Disasters and Terrorism. NATO, 2009 (www.healthplanning.co.uk/nato).Google Scholar
Williams, R and Kemp, V. Psychosocial and mental health care before, during and after emergencies, disasters and major incidents. In Health Emergency Preparedness and Response (eds Sellwood, C, Wapling, A): 8398. CABI, 2016.Google Scholar
Stevenson, D, Farmer, P. Thriving at Work: The Stevenson/Farmer Review of Mental Health and Employers. Department for Work and Pensions and Department of Health and Social Care, 2017.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Bisson, J, Kemp, V. OP94: Principles for Responding to the Psychosocial and Mental Health Needs of People Affected by Disasters or Major Incidents. Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2014 (www.apothecaries.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/OP94.pdf).Google Scholar
Bevan Commission. Prudent Healthcare: Setting Out the Prudent Principles. Welsh Government, 2015 (www.prudenthealthcare.org.uk/principles/)Google Scholar
Department of Health. Planning for the Psychosocial and Mental Health Care of People Affected by Major Incidents and Disasters: Interim National Strategic Guidance. Department of Health, 2009.Google Scholar
Misra, M, Greenberg, N, Hutchinson, C, Brain, A, Glozier, N. Psychological impact upon London ambulance service of the 2005 bombings. Occup Med 2009; 59: 428–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drury, J. Collective resilience in mass emergencies and disasters: a social identity model. In The Social Cure: Identity, Health, and Well-Being (eds Jetten, J, Haslam, C, Haslam, SA): 195215. Psychology Press, 2012.Google Scholar
Brooks, SK, Rubin, GJ, Greenberg, N. Traumatic stress within disaster-exposed occupations: overview of the literature and suggestions for the management of traumatic stress in the workplace. Br Med Bull 2019; 129: 2534.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Guideline 116. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. NICE, 2018 (www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116).Google Scholar

References

Department of Health. Planning for the Psychosocial and Mental Health Care of People Affected by Major Incidents and Disasters: Interim National Strategic Guidance. Department of Health, 2009.Google Scholar
Bisson, JI, Tavakoly, B, Witteveen, AB, Ajdukovic, D, Jehel, L, Johansen, VJ, et al. TENTS guidelines: development of post-disaster psychosocial care guidelines through a Delphi process. Br J Psychiatry 2010: 196: 6974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Psychosocial Care for People Affected by Disasters and Major Incidents: A Model for Designing, Delivering and Managing Psychosocial Services for People Involved in Major Incidents, Conflict, Disasters and Terrorism. NATO, 2009.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Bisson, J, Kemp, V. OP94: Principles for Responding to the Psychosocial and Mental Health Needs of People Affected by Disasters or Major Incidents. The Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2014.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Bisson, JI, Kemp, V. Health care planning for community disaster care. In Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry, 2nd ed. (eds Ursano, RJ, Fullerton, CS, Weisaeth, L, Raphael, B): 244–60. Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V. Principles for designing and delivering psychosocial and mental healthcare. BMJ Mil Health 2020; 166: 105–10.Google Scholar
NHS England. Clinical Guidelines for Major Incidents and Mass Casualty Events. Psychosocial Guidelines. Version 2. National Health Service England, 2020.Google Scholar
NHS England and NHS Improvement. Responding to the Needs of People Affected by Incidents and Emergencies: A Framework for Planning and Delivering Psychosocial and Mental Health Care. NHS England and NHS Improvement, 2021.Google Scholar
World Health Organization, War Trauma Foundation, World Vision International. Psychological First Aid: Guide for Field Workers. World Health Organization, 2011.Google Scholar
Pierce, M, McManus, S, Hope, H, Hotopf, M, Ford, T, Hatch, SL, et al. Mental health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: a latent class trajectory analysis using longitudinal UK data. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8: 610–19.Google Scholar
Kaniasty, K, Norris, FH. Distinctions that matter: received social support, perceived social support and social embeddedness after disasters. In Mental Health and Disasters (eds Neria, Y, Galea, S, Norris, FH): 175200. Cambridge University Press, 2009.Google Scholar
Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Drury, J, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. People’s experiences of distress and psychosocial care following a terrorist attack: interviews with survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e41.Google Scholar
Thoresen, S, Jensen, TK, Wentzel-Larsen, T, Dyb, G. Social support barriers and mental health in terrorist attack survivors. J Affect Disord 2014; 156: 187–93.Google Scholar
Arnberg, FK, Hultman, CM, Michel, PO, Lundin, T. Fifteen years after a ferry disaster: clinical interviews and survivors’ self-assessment of their experience. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2013; 4: 20650.Google Scholar
Maercker, A, Horn, AB. A socio-interpersonal perspective on PTSD: the case for environments and interpersonal processes. Clin Psychol Psychother 2013; 20: 465–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woodhouse, S, Brown, R, Ayers, S. A social model of posttraumatic stress disorder: interpersonal trauma, attachment, group identification, disclosure, social acknowledgement, and negative cognitions. J Theor Soc Psychol 2018; 2: 3548.Google Scholar
Jacobs, J, Oosterbeek, M, Tummers, LG, Noordegraaf, M, Yzermans, CJ, Dückers, ML. The organization of post-disaster psychosocial support in the Netherlands: a meta-synthesis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10: 1544024.Google Scholar
Livingstone, AG, Jaman, E, Yan, M, Adlam, A. They Get Me: Felt Understanding as a Critical Bridge Between Social Identity and Wellbeing. Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP) Preconference: Happiness and Wellbeing, 9 February 2021 (http://worldmakingthings.org/wp-con-tent/uploads/2022/06/SPSP-happiness-and-wellbeing-preconference-poster.pdf).Google Scholar
Haslam, C, Jetten, J, Cruwys, T, Dingle, GA, Haslam, SA. The New Psychology of Health: Unlocking the Social Cure. Routledge, 2018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V, Haslam, SA, Bhui, KS, Haslam, C, Bailey, S. Social Scaffolding: Applying the Lessons of Contemporary Social Science to Health and Healthcare. Cambridge University Press, 2019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drury, J, Carter, H, Cocking, C, Ntontis, E, Tekin Guven, S, Amlôt, R. Facilitating collective psychosocial resilience in the public in emergencies: twelve recommendations based on the social identity approach. Front Public Health 2019; 7: 141.Google Scholar
Eyre, A. The value of peer support groups following disaster: from Aberfan to Manchester. Bereave Care 2019; 38: 115–21.Google Scholar
Watkins, J. The value of peer support groups following terrorism: reflections following the September 11 and Paris attacks. Aust J Emerg Manag 2017; 32: 35–9.Google Scholar
Gregory, A, Williamson, E. ‘I think it just made everything very much more intense’: a qualitative secondary analysis exploring the role of friends and family providing support to survivors of domestic abuse during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Fam Violence 2022: 37: 9911004.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Kemp, V. The nature of resilience: coping with adversity. In Social Scaffolding: Applying the Lessons of Contemporary Social Science to Health and Healthcare (eds Williams, R, Kemp, V, Haslam, S, Haslam, C, Bhui, K, Bailey, S): 87104. Cambridge University Press, 2019.Google Scholar
French, P, Barrett, A, Allsopp, K, Williams, R, Brewin, CR, Hind, D, et al. Psychological screening of adults and young people following the Manchester Arena incident. BJPsych Open 2019; 5: e85.Google Scholar
Allsopp, K, Brewin, CR, Barrett, A, Williams, R, Hind, D, Chitsabesan, P, et al. Responding to mental health needs after terror attacks. BMJ 2019; 366: l4828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bonanno, GA, Brewin, CR, Kaniasty, K, Greca, AM. Weighing the costs of disaster: consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2010; 11: 149.Google Scholar
Jones, N, Fear, NT, Jones, M, Wessely, S, Greenberg, N. Long-term military work outcomes in soldiers who become mental health casualties when deployed on operations. Psychiatry 2010; 73: 352–64.Google Scholar
Cyhlarova, E, Knapp, M, Mays, N. Responding to the mental health consequences of the 2015–2016 terrorist attacks in Tunisia, Paris and Brussels: implementation and treatment experiences in the United Kingdom. J Health Serv Res Policy 2020; 25: 172–80.Google Scholar
Lock, S, Rubin, GJ, Murray, V, Rogers, MB, Amlôt, R, Williams, R. Secondary stressors and extreme events and disasters: a systematic review of primary research from 2010–2011. PLoS Curr 2012; 4: ecurrents.dis.a9b76fed1b2dd5c5bfcfc13c87a2f24f.Google Scholar
Alfadhli, K, Drury, J. A typology of secondary stressors among refugees of conflict in the Middle East: the case of Syrian refugees in Jordan. PLoS Curr 2018; 10: ecurrents.dis.4bd3e6437bff47b33ddb9f73cb72f3d8.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Ntontis, E, Alfadhli, K, Drury, J, Amlôt, R. A social model of secondary stressors in relation to disasters, major incidents and conflict: implications for practice. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2021; 63: 102436.Google Scholar
Stewart-Brown, SL, Platt, S, Tennant, A, Maheswaran, H, Parkinson, J, Weich, S, et al. The WEMWBS Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): a valid and reliable tool for measuring mental well-being in diverse populations and projects. J Epidemiol Community Health 2011; 65(suppl 2): A38–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mundt, JC, Marks, IM, Shear, MK, Greist, JM. The Work and Social Adjustment Scale: a simple measure of impairment in functioning. Br J Psychiatry 2002; 180: 461–4.Google Scholar
Bonanno, GA, Pat-Horenczyk, R, Noll, J. Coping flexibility and trauma: the Perceived Ability to Cope with Trauma (PACT) scale. Psychol Trauma 2011; 3: 117–29.Google Scholar
Zimet, GD, Powell, SS, Farley, GK, Werkman, S, Berkoff, KA. Psychometric characteristics of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess 1990; 55: 610–17.Google Scholar
Feeney, BC, Collins, NL. A new look at social support: a theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships. Pers Soc Psychol Rev 2015; 19: 113–47.Google Scholar
Généreux, M, Roy, M, O’Sullivan, T, Maltais, D. A salutogenic approach to disaster recovery: the case of the Lac-Mégantic rail disaster. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17: 1463.Google Scholar
Paton, D, Irons, M. Communication, sense of community, and disaster recovery: a Facebook case study. Front Commun 2016; 25: 4.Google Scholar
Drury, J, Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. The role of informal social support in recovery among survivors of the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e124.Google Scholar
Schildkraut, J, Sokolowski, ES, Nicoletti, J. The survivor network: the role of shared experiences in mass shootings recovery. Victims Offenders 2021; 16; 2049.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich-May, J, Halliday, ER, Karlovich, AR, Gruen, RL, Pino, AC, Tonarely, NA. Brief transdiagnostic intervention for parents with emotional disorder symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case example. Cogn Behav Pract 2021; 28: 690700.Google Scholar
Barnett, ML, Lau, AS, Miranda, J. Lay health worker involvement in evidence-based treatment delivery: a conceptual model to address disparities in care. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2018; 14: 185208.Google Scholar
Singla, DR, Kohrt, BA, Murray, LK, Anand, A, Chorpita, BF, Patel, V. Psychological treatments for the world: lessons from low-and middle-income countries. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2017; 13: 149–81.Google Scholar
Wang, L, Norman, I, Xiao, T, Li, Y, Li, X, Leamy, M. Evaluating a Psychological First Aid training intervention (Preparing Me) to support the mental health and well-being of Chinese healthcare workers during healthcare emergencies: protocol for a randomized controlled feasibility trial. Front Psychiatry 2022; 12: 809679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

References

Williams, R, Bisson, J, Kemp, V. OP94: Principles for Responding to People’s Psychosocial and Mental Health Needs After Disasters. Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2014.Google Scholar
Bonanno, GA. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely adverse events? Am Psychol 2004; 59: 2028.Google Scholar
Bryant, RA, Nickerson, A, Creamer, M, O’Donnell, M, Forbes, D, Galatzer-Levy, I, et al. Trajectory of post-traumatic stress following traumatic injury: 6-year follow-up. Br J Psychiatry 2015; 206: 417–23.Google Scholar
Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Drury, J, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. People’s experiences of distress and psychosocial care following a terrorist attack: interviews with survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e41.Google Scholar
Bryant, RA. Post-traumatic stress disorder: a state-of-the-art review of evidence and challenges. World Psychiatry 2019; 18: 259–69.Google Scholar
Brewin, CR, Andrews, B, Valentine, JD. Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 2000; 68: 748–66.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics 11th revision. World Health Organization, 2018 (https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en).Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. American Psychiatric Association, 2013.Google Scholar
Galea, S, Nandi, A, Vlahov, D. The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiol Rev 2005; 27: 7891.Google Scholar
Beaglehole, B, Mulder, RT, Frampton, CM, Boden, JM, Newton-Howes, G, Bell, CJ. Psychological distress and psychiatric disorder after natural disasters: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry 2018; 213: 716–22.Google Scholar
Shevlin, M, McBride, O, Murphy, J, Gibson Miller, J, Hartman, TK, Levita, L, et al. Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19-related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. BJPsych Open 2020; 6: e125.Google Scholar
Pierce, M, Hope, H, Ford, T, Hatch, S, Hotopf, M, John, A, et al. Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7: 883–92.Google Scholar
Kwong, ASF, Pearson, RM, Adams, MJ, Northstone, K, Tilling, K, Smith, D, et al. Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in two longitudinal UK population cohorts. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 218: 334–43.Google Scholar
Fancourt, D, Steptoe, A, Bu, F. Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8: 141–9.Google Scholar
Cénat, JM, Blais-Rochette, C, Kokou-Kpolou, CK, Noorishad, P, Mukunzi, JN, McIntee, S, et al. Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and psychological distress among populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2021; 295: 113599.Google Scholar
Greenberg, N, Weston, D, Hall, C, Caulfield, T, Williamson, V, Fong, K. Mental health of staff working in intensive care during Covid-19. Occup Med 2021; 71: 62–7.Google Scholar
d’Ettorre, G, Ceccarelli, G, Santinelli, L, Vassalini, P, Innocenti, GP, Alessandri, F, et al. Post-traumatic stress symptoms in healthcare workers dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18: 601.Google Scholar
Lewis, KJS, Lewis, C, Roberts, A, Richards, NA, Evison, C, Pearce, H, et al. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in individuals with pre-existing mental illness. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e59.Google Scholar
Lewis, C, Lewis, K, Roberts, A, Evison, C, Edwards, B, John, A, et al. COVID-19 related posttraumatic stress disorder in adults with lived experience of psychiatric disorder. Depress Anxiety 2022; 39: 564–72.Google Scholar
Butler, M, Pollak, TA, Rooney, AG, Michael, BD, Nicholson, TR. Neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19. BMJ 2020; 371: m3871.Google Scholar
Greenhalgh, T, Knight, M, A’Court, C, Buxton, M, Husain, L. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ 2020; 370: m3026.Google Scholar
Bisson, JI, Astill Wright, L, Jones, KA, Lewis, C, Phelps, AJ, Sijbrandij, M, et al. Preventing the onset of post traumatic stress disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 86: 102004.Google Scholar
Rose, A, Bisson, J, Churchill, R, Wessely, S. Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 2: CD000560.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. NICE Guideline [NG116]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2018 (www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116).Google Scholar
Wu, S, Zhu, X, Zhang, Y, Liang, J, Liu, X, Yang, Y, et al. A new psychological intervention: “512 Psychological Intervention Model” used for military rescuers in Wenchuan Earthquake in China. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012; 47: 1111–19.Google Scholar
International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Prevention and Treatment Guidelines: Methodology and Recommendations. ISTSS, 2019 (https://istss.org/getattachment/Treating-Trauma/New-ISTSS-Prevention-and-Treatment-Guidelines/ISTSS_PreventionTreatmentGuidelines_FNL-March-19-2019.pdf.aspx.).Google Scholar
Roberts, N, Kitchiner, N, Kenardy, J, Lewis, C, Bisson, J. Early psychological intervention following recent trauma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2019; 10: 1695486.Google Scholar
Astill Wright, L, Sijbrandij, M, Sinnerton, R, Lewis, C, Roberts, NP, Bisson, JI. Pharmacological prevention and early treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9: 334.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in Adults: Recognition and Management. Clinical Guideline [CG90]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2020 (www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg90/evidence/full-guideline-pdf-4840934509).Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Generalised Anxiety Disorder and Panic Disorder in Adults: Management. Clinical Guideline [CG113]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2019 (www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg113).Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Alcohol-Use Disorders: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management of Harmful Drinking (High-Risk Drinking) and Alcohol Dependence. Clinical Guideline [CG115]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2011 (www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg115).Google Scholar
Lewis, C, Roberts, NP, Andrew, M, Starling, E, Bisson, JI. Psychological therapies for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2020; 11: 1729633.Google Scholar
Phoenix Australia. The Australian Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Acute Stress Disorder (ASD), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD. Phoenix Australia, 2020 (www.phoenixaustralia.org/australian-guidelines-for-ptsd/).Google Scholar
Bisson, JI, Ariti, C, Cullen, K, Kitchiner, N, Lewis, C, Roberts, NP, et al. Guided, internet based, cognitive behavioural therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled non-inferiority trial (RAPID). BMJ 2022; 377: e069405.Google Scholar
Bisson, JI, Tavakoly, B, Witteveen, AB, Ajdukovic, D, Jehel, L, Johansen, VJ, et al. TENTS guidelines: development of post-disaster psychosocial care guidelines through a Delphi process. Br J Psychiatry 2010; 196: 6974.Google Scholar
Hobfoll, SE, Watson, P, Bell, CC, Bryant, RA, Brymer, MJ, Friedman, MJ, et al. Five essential elements of immediate and mid-term mass trauma intervention: empirical evidence. Psychiatry 2007; 70: 283315.Google Scholar
Brewin, CR, Fuchkan, N, Huntley, Z, et al. Outreach and screening following the 2005 London bombings: usage and outcomes. Psychol Med 2010; 40: 2049–57.Google Scholar
Rona, RJ, Burdett, H, Khondoker, M, Chesnokov, M, Green, K, Perent, D, et al. Post-deployment screening for mental disorders and tailored advice about help-seeking in the UK military: a cluster randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017; 389: 1410–23.Google Scholar
Rona, RJ, Hooper, R, Jones, M, Hull, L, Browne, T, Horn, O, et al. Mental health screening in armed forces before the Iraq war and prevention of subsequent psychological morbidity: follow-up study. BMJ 2006; 333: 991.Google Scholar
Welsh Government. Prudent Healthcare. Welsh Government, 2016 (https://gov.wales/prudent-healthcare).Google Scholar

References

Sphere Association. Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response. Sphere Association, 2004 (https://spherestandards.org/humanitarian-standards/).Google Scholar
Sphere Association. The Sphere Handbook: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response 4th ed. Sphere Association, 2018 (www.spherestandards.org/handbook/).Google Scholar
Murray, V, Williams, R, Johal, S. International disaster response. In Textbook of Disaster Psychiatry 2nd ed. (eds Ursano, R, Fullerton, CS, Weisaeth, L, Raphael, B): 149–61. Cambridge University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Furr, JM, Comer, JS, Edmunds, JM, Kendall, PC. Disasters and youth: a meta-analytic examination of posttraumatic stress. J Consult Clin Psychol 2010; 78: 765–80.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, Nitiéma, P, Newman, E. A meta-analysis of intervention effects on depression and/or anxiety in youth exposed to political violence or natural disasters. Child Youth Care Forum 2019; 48: 449–77.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, Nitiéma, P, Newman, E, Patel, A. The benefit of interventions to reduce posttraumatic stress in youth exposed to mass trauma: a review and meta-analysis. Prehosp Disaster Med 2019; 34: 540–51.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, Jacobs, AK, Griffin, N, Houston, JB. Children’s disaster reactions: the influence of exposure and personal characteristics. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015; 17: 56.Google Scholar
Williams, R, Alexander, DA, Bolsover, D, Bakke, FK. Children, resilience and disasters: recent evidence that should influence a model of psychosocial care. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2008; 21: 338–44.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, North, CS. Child disaster mental health services: a review of the system of care, assessment approaches, and evidence base for intervention. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2016; 18 : 5.Google Scholar
Bonanno, GA, Brewin, CR, Kaniasty, K, La Greca, AM. Weighing the costs of disaster: consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychol Sci Public Interest 2010; 11: 149.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, Sweeton, JL, Newman, E, Varma, V, Noffsinger, MA, Shaw, JA, et al. Child disaster mental health interventions, part II: Timing of implementation, delivery settings and providers, and therapeutic approaches. Disaster Health 2014; 2: 5867.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, Newman, E, Nitiéma, P. Current evidence for selecting disaster interventions for children and adolescents. Curr Treat Options Psychiatry 2016; 3 : 192205.Google Scholar
Grolnick, WS, Schonfeld, DJ, Schreiber, M, Cohen, J, Cole, V, Jaycox, L, et al. Improving adjustment and resilience in children following a disaster: addressing research challenges. Am Psychol 2018; 73: 215–29.Google Scholar
Gloff, NE, LeNoue, SR, Novins, DK, Myers, K. Telemental health for children and adolescents. Int Rev Psychiatry 2015; 27: 513–24.Google Scholar
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Psychosocial Care for People Affected by Disasters and Major Incidents: A Model for Designing, Delivering and Managing Psychosocial Services for People Involved in Major Incidents, Conflict, Disasters and Terrorism. NATO, 2009 (www.coe.int/t/dg4/majorhazards/ressources/virtuallibrary/materials/Others/NATO_Guidance_Psychosocial_Care_for_People_Affected_by_Disasters_and_Major_Incidents.pdf.).Google Scholar
Fothergill, A. Children, Youth, and Disaster. Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Natural Hazard Science, 2017. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.23Google Scholar
Peek, L. Children and disasters: understanding vulnerability, developing capacities, and promoting resilience – an introduction. Child Youth Environ 2008; 18: 129.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, Pfefferbaum, RL, Van Horn, RL. Involving children in disaster risk reduction: the importance of participation. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2018; 9(suppl 2): 1425577.Google Scholar
Amri, A, Haynes, K, Bird, DK, Ronan, K. Bridging the divide between studies on disaster risk reduction education and child-centred disaster risk reduction: a critical review. Children’s Geographies 2018; 16: 239–51.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, Shaw, JA, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Committee on Quality Issues. Practice parameter on disaster preparedness. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013; 52: 1224–38.Google Scholar
Newman, E, Pfefferbaum, B, Nirlic, N, Tett, R, Nelson, S, Liles, B. Meta-analytic review of psychological interventions for children survivors of natural and man-made disasters. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2014; 16: 462.Google Scholar
Gilbert, R, Abel, MR, Vernberg, EM, Jacobs, AK. The use of psychological first aid in children exposed to mass trauma. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021; 23: 53.Google Scholar
The Lancet Infectious Diseases. The COVID-19 infodemic. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20: 875.Google Scholar
Wisner, B, Paton, D, Alisic, E, Eastwood, O, Shreve, C, Fordham, M. Communication with children and families about disaster: reviewing multi-disciplinary literature 2015–2017. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2018; 20 : 73.Google Scholar
Moss, WJ, Ramakrishnan, M, Storms, D, Siegal, AH, Weiss, WM, Lejnev, I, et al. Child health in complex emergencies. Bull World Health Organ 2006; 84: 5864.Google Scholar
Barenbaum, J, Ruchkin, V, Schwab-Stone, M. The psychosocial aspects of children exposed to war: practice and policy initiatives. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45: 4162.Google Scholar
North, CS, Suris, AM, Pollio, DE. A nosological exploration of PTSD and trauma in disaster mental health and implications for the COVID-19 pandemic. Behav Sci 2021; 11: 7.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B. Posttraumatic stress disorder in children in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 61: 957–9.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine. Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities after Disasters: Strategies, Opportunities, and Planning for Recovery. National Academies Press, 2015 (www.nap.edu/download/18996).Google Scholar
Crowley, RA, Kirschner, N. The integration of care for mental health, substance abuse, and other behavioral health conditions into primary care: executive summary of an American College of Physicians position paper. Ann Intern Med 2015; 163: 298–9.Google Scholar
National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. Preventing Mental, Emotional, and Behavioral Disorders Among Young People: Progress and Possibilities. National Academies Press, 2009 (www.nap.edu/download/12480).Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, Jacobs, AK, Houston, JB. Children and disasters: a framework for mental health assessment. J Emerg Manag 2012; 10: 349–58.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, Sweeton, JL, Newman, E, Varma, V, Nitiéma, P, Shaw, JA, et al. Child disaster mental health interventions, part I. Techniques, outcomes, and methodological considerations. Disaster Health 2014; 2: 4657.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, Nitiéma, P, Newman, E. A critical review of effective child mass trauma interventions: what we know and do not know from the evidence. Behav Sci 2021; 11: 25.Google Scholar
Johnson, VA, Ronan, KR, Johnston, DM, Peace, R. Evaluations of disaster education programs for children: a methodological review. Int J Disaster Risk Reduct 2014; 9: 107–23.Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, B, Nitiéma, P, Tucker, P, Newman, E. Early child disaster mental health interventions: a review of the empirical evidence. Child Youth Care Forum 2017; 46: 621–42.Google Scholar

References

Azevedo, JP, Hasan, A, Goldemberg, D, Iqbal, SA, Geven, K. Simulating the Potential Impacts of COVID-19 School Closures on Schooling and Learning Outcomes: A Set of Global Estimates. Policy Research Working Paper No. 9284. World Bank, 2020.Google Scholar
Goudeau, S, Sanrey, C, Stanczak, A, Manstead, A, Darnon, C. Why lockdown and distance learning during the COVID-19 pandemic are likely to increase the social class achievement gap. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5: 1273–81.Google Scholar
Easterbrook, MJ, Harris, PR, Phalet, K, Lisiecka, Z, Kosakowska-Berezecka, N. Will COVID-19 Increase Educational Inequalities? European Association for Social Psychology Rapid Response Funding, 2020.Google Scholar
Lacey, A. Family Adjustment During COVID-19 Epidemic: Impact on Children with Special Needs and their Families in Birmingham. 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ex5np.sGoogle Scholar
Lacey, A, Banerjee, RA, Docklova, L, Lester, KJ. ‘I miss the normalness’: mother and child perspectives of well-being and effective remote support from primary schools during COVID-19 school closures. BMC Psychol 2023 [manuscript pre-publication].Google Scholar
Bayrakdar, S, Guveli, A. Inequalities in Home Learning and Schools’ Provision of Distance Teaching During School Closure of COVID-19 Lockdown in the UK. Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, 2020 (www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/227790/1/1703719352.pdf).Google Scholar
Dorn, E, Hancock, B, Sarakatsannis, J, Viruleg, E. COVID-19 and Student Learning in the United States: The Hurt Could Last a Lifetime. McKinsey & Company, 2020.Google Scholar
Education Endowment Foundation. Impact of School Closures on the Attainment Gap: Rapid Evidence Assessment. Education Endowment Foundation, 2020 (educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/covid-19-resources/best-evidence-on-impact-of-school-closures-on-the-attainment-gap/).Google Scholar
Blainey, K, Hannay, T. The Impact of School Closures on Autumn 2020 Attainment. RS Assessment, 2021 (www.risingstars-uk.com/media/Rising-Stars/Assessment/RS_Assessment_white_paper_2021_impact_of_school_closures_on_autumn_2020_attainment.pdf).Google Scholar
Renaissance Learning Education Policy Institute. Understanding Progress in the 2020/21 Academic Year. Department for Education, 2021 (https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/962330/Learning_Loss_Report_1A_-_FINAL.pdf).Google Scholar
Rose, S, Twist, L, Lord, P, Rutt, S, Badr, K, Hope, C, et al. Impact of School Closures and Subsequent Support Strategies on Attainment and Socio-Emotional Wellbeing in Key Stage 1: Interim Paper 1. Education Endowment Foundation, National Foundation for Educational Research, 2021 (https://educationendowmentfoundation.org.uk/public/files/Publications/Covid-19_Resources/Impact_of_school_closures_KS1_interim_findings_paper_-_Jan_2021.pdf).Google Scholar
Domingue, B, Hough, HJ, Lang, D, Yeatman, J. Changing Patterns of Growth in Oral Reading Fluency During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Policy Analysis for California Education (PACE), 2021 (https://edpolicyinca.org/publications/changing-patterns-growth-oralreading-fluency-during-covid-19-pandemic).Google Scholar
Engzell, P, Frey, A, Verhagen, MD. Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2021; 118: e2022376118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maldonado, JE, De Witte, K. The Effect of School Closures on Standardized Student Test Outcomes. KU Leuven, Faculty of Economics and Business, 2020 (https://limo.libis.be/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=LIRIAS3189074&context=L&vid=Lirias&search_scope=Lirias&tab=defaulttab&lang=en_US).Google Scholar
Cameron, L, Tenenbaum, HR. Lessons from developmental science to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 restrictions on social development. Group Proc Intergroup Relations 2021; 24: 231–6.Google Scholar
Department for Education. State of the Nation 2020: Children and Young People’s Wellbeing. Department for Education, 2020 (www.gov.uk/government/publications/state-of-the-nation-2020-children-and-young-peoples-wellbeing).Google Scholar
Ellis, WE, Dumas, TM, Forbes, LM. Physically isolated but socially connected: psychological adjustment and stress among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 crisis. Can J Behav Sci 2020; 52: 177–87.Google Scholar
NHS Digital. Mental Health of Children and Young People in England, 2020: Wave 1 Follow Up to the 2017 Survey. NHS Digital, 2020 (https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/mental-health-of-children-and-young-people-in-england/2020-wave-1-follow-up#resources).Google Scholar
Asbury, K, Fox, L, Deniz, E, Code, A, Toseeb, U. How is COVID-19 affecting the mental health of children with special educational needs and disabilities and their families? J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51: 1772–80.Google Scholar
Creswell, C, Shum, A, Pearcey, S, Skripkauskaite, S, Patalay, P, Waite, P. Young people’s mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2021; 5: 535–7.Google Scholar
Pearcey, S, Raw, J, Shum, A, Waite, P, Creswell, C. Report 07: Changes in Parents’ Mental Health Symptoms and Stressors from April to December 2020. Co-SPACE, 2021 (https://cospaceoxford.org/findings/changes-in-parents-mental-health-symptoms-and-stressors-jan-2021/).Google Scholar
Shum, A, Skripkauskaite, S, Pearcey, S, Waite, P, Creswell, C. Report 09: Update on Children’s and Parents’/Carers’ Mental Health. Changes in Parents’/Carers’ Ability to Balance Childcare and Work: March 2020 to February 2021. Co-SPACE, 2021 (https://cospaceoxford.org/findings/changes-in-parents-carers-ability-to-balance-childcare-and-work-march-2020-to-february-2021/).Google Scholar
Andrew, A, Cattan, S, Costa Dias, M, Farquharson, C, Kraftman, L, Krutikova, S, et al. Inequalities in children’s experiences of home learning during the COVID‐19 lockdown in England. Fisc Stud 2020; 41: 653–83.Google Scholar
Cullinane, C, Montacute, R. Research Brief: April 2020: COVID-19 and Social Mobility Impact Brief# 1: School Shutdown. The Sutton Trust, 2020 (www.suttontrust.com/our-research/covid-19-and-social-mobility-impact-brief/).Google Scholar
Julius, J, Sims, D. Schools’ Responses to COVID-19: Support for Vulnerable Pupils and the Children of Keyworkers. National Foundation for Educational Research, 2020 (www.nfer.ac.uk/schools-responses-to-covid-19-support-for-vulnerable-pupils-and-the-children-of-keyworkers/).Google Scholar
Borman, G. What Can Be Done to Address Learning Losses due to School Closures? The Answer Lab, Center on Education Policy, Equity and Governance, 2020 (https://theanswerlab.rossier.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Answer-Lab-COVID-19-Slide-202006-Final-1.pdf).Google Scholar
Reimers, FM, Schleicher, A. A Framework to Guide an Educational Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic of 2020. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2020 (https://oecd.dam-broadcast.com/pm_7379_126_126988-t63lxosohs.pdf).Google Scholar
Children’s Commissioner for Wales. Coronavirus and Me. Children’s Commissioner for Wales, 2021 (www.childcomwales.org.uk/coronavirus-our-work/coronavirus-and-me-results/).Google Scholar
Easterbrook, MJ, Doyle, L, Grozev, VH, Kosakowska-Berezecka, N, Harris, PR, Phalet, K. Socioeconomic and gender inequalities in home learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: examining the roles of the home environment, parent supervision, and educational provisions. Educ Dev Psychol 2023; 40: 2739.Google Scholar
Parnham, JC, Laverty, AA, Majeed, A, Vamos, EP. Half of children entitled to free school meals did not have access to the scheme during COVID-19 lockdown in the UK. Public Health 2020; 187: 161–4.Google Scholar
Castro, M, Expósito-Casas, E, López-Martín, E, Lizasoain, L, Navarro-Asencio, E, Gaviria, JL. Parental involvement on student academic achievement: a meta-analysis. Educ Res Rev 2015; 14: 3346.Google Scholar
Desforges, C, Abouchaar, A. The Impact of Parental Involvement, Parental Support and Family Education on Pupil Achievement and Adjustment: A Literature Review. Department for Education and Skills, 2003 (https://dera.ioe.ac.uk/6305/).Google Scholar
Guterman, O, Neuman, A. Personality, socio-economic status and education: factors that contribute to the degree of structure in homeschooling. Soc Psychol Educ 2018; 21: 7590.Google Scholar
Children’s Commissioner for England. School Attendance Since September: Briefing. Children’s Commissioner for England, 2020 (www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/cco-briefing-on-school-attendance-since-september.pdf).Google Scholar
Hill, NE, Taylor, LC. Parental school involvement and children’s academic achievement: pragmatics and issues. Curr Dir Psychol Sci 2004; 13: 161–4.Google Scholar
Davis, CR, Grooms, J, Ortega, A, Rubalcaba, JA-A, Vargas, E. Distance learning and parental mental health during COVID-19. Educ Res 2021; 50: 61–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, L, Tenenbaum, HR. Lessons from developmental science to mitigate the effects of the COVID-19 restrictions on social development. Group Proc Intergroup Relations 2021; 24: 231–6.Google Scholar
Loades, ME, Chatburn, E, Higson-Sweeney, N, Reynolds, S, Shafran, R, Brigden, A, et al. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59: 1218–39.e3.Google Scholar
Children’s Commissioner for England. Stress Among Children in England During the Coronavirus Lockdown. Children’s Commissioner for England, 2020 (www.childrenscommission-r.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/cco-stress-among-children-in-england-during-the-coronavirus-lockdown.pdf).Google Scholar
Department for Education. Attendance in Education and Early Years Settings During the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak. Department for Education, 2020 (https://explore-education-statistics.service.gov.uk/find-statistics/attendance-in-education-and-early-years-settings-during-the-coronavirus-covid-19-outbreak).Google Scholar
Sosu, E, Klein, M. Socioeconomic Disparities in School Absenteeism After the First Wave of COVID-19 School Closures in Scotland. University of Strathclyde, 2021.Google Scholar
Shum, A, Skripkauskaite, S, Pearcey, S, Waite, P, Creswell, C. Report 09: Update on Children’s and Parents’/Carers’ Mental Health. Changes in Parents’/Carers’ Ability to Balance Childcare and Work: March 2020 to February 2021. Co-SPACE, 2021 (https://cospaceoxford.org/findings/changes-in-parents-carers-ability-to-balance-childcare-and-work-march-2020-to-february-2021/).Google Scholar
Bourdieu, P. The forms of capital. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (ed. Richardson, J): 241–58. Greenwood, 1986.Google Scholar
Aries, E, Seider, M. The interactive relationship between class identity and the college experience: the case of lower income students. Qual Sociol 2005; 28: 419–43.Google Scholar
Bufton, S. The lifeworld of the university student: habitus and social class. J Phenomenol Psychol 2003; 34: 207–34.Google Scholar
Reay, D, Crozier, G, Clayton, J. ‘Strangers in paradise’? Working-class students in elite universities. Sociology 2009; 43: 1103–21.Google Scholar
Andrew, A, Cattan, S, Costa Dias, M, Farquharson, C, Kraftman, L, Krutikova, S, et al. Inequalities in children’s experiences of home learning during the COVID‐19 lockdown in England. Fisc Stud 2020; 41: 653–83.Google Scholar
Kim, LE, Dundas, S, Asbury, K. ‘I think it’s been difficult for the ones that haven’t got as many resources in their homes’: teacher concerns about the impact of COVID-19 on pupil learning and wellbeing. Teach Teaching 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2021.1982690.Google Scholar
Pensiero, N, Kelley, T, Bokhove, C. Learning Inequalities During the COVID-19 Pandemic: How Families Cope with Home-Schooling. Southampton Education School, University of Southampton, 2020.Google Scholar
Batruch, A, Autin, F, Butera, F. Re-establishing the social-class order: restorative reactions against high-achieving, low-SES pupils. J Soc Issues 2017; 73: 4260.Google Scholar
Doyle, L, Easterbrook, MJ, Harris, PR. Roles of socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and teacher beliefs in academic grading. Br J Educ Psychol 2022; 93: 91112.Google Scholar
Easterbrook, MJ, Kuppens, T, Manstead, AS. The education effect: higher educational qualifications are robustly associated with beneficial personal and socio-political outcomes. Soc Indic Res 2016; 126: 1261–98.Google Scholar
Essau, CA, Lewinsohn, PM, Olaya, B, Seeley, JR. Anxiety disorders in adolescents and psychosocial outcomes at age 30. J Affect Disord 2014; 16: 125–32.Google Scholar
Maughan, B, Collishaw, S. Development and psychopathology: a life course perspective. In Rutter’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (eds Thapar, A, Pine, DS, Leckman, JF, Scott, S, Snowling, MJ, Taylor, EA): 516. John Wiley & Sons, 2015.Google Scholar
Jaycox, LH, Stein, BD, Paddock, S, Miles, JNV, Chandra, A, Meredith, LS, et al. Impact of teen depression on academic, social, and physical functioning. Pediatrics 2009; 124: e596–605.Google Scholar
McLeod, JD, Kaiser, K. Childhood emotional and behavioral problems and educational attainment. Am Sociol Rev 2004; 69: 636–58.Google Scholar
Knapp, M, King, D, Healey, A, Thomas, C. Economic outcomes in adulthood and their associations with antisocial conduct, attention deficit and anxiety problems in childhood. J Ment Health Policy Econ 2011; 14: 137–47.Google Scholar
Layard, R, Clark, AE, Cornaglia, F, Powdthavee, N, Vernoit, J. What predicts a successful life? A life-course model of well-being. Econ J 2014; 124: F720–38.Google Scholar
Parnham, JC, Laverty, AA, Majeed, A, Vamos, EP. Half of children entitled to free school meals did not have access to the scheme during COVID-19 lockdown in the UK. Public Health 2020; 187: 161–4.Google Scholar
Toste, JR, Raley, SK, Gross Toews, S, Shogren, KA, Coelho, G. ‘Eye opening and chaotic’: resilience and self-determination of secondary students with disabilities amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. J Educ Stud Placed Risk 2021; 26: 157–83.Google Scholar

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Quarantine and Isolation. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017 (www.cdc.gov/quarantine/index.html).Google Scholar
Manuell, M-E, Cukor, J. Mother Nature versus human nature: public compliance with evacuation and quarantine. Disasters 2011: 35: 417–42.Google Scholar
Brooks, SK, Webster, RK, Smith, LE, Woodland, L, Wessely, S, Greenberg, N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020: 395: 912–20.Google Scholar
Brooks, SK, Dunn, R, Amlôt, R, Rubin, GJ, Greenberg, N. A systematic, thematic review of social and occupational factors associated with psychological outcomes in healthcare employees during an infectious disease outbreak. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 60: 248–57.Google Scholar
Barbisch, D, Koenig, KL, Shih, F-Y. Is there a case for quarantine? Perspectives from SARS to Ebola. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2015; 9: 547–53.Google Scholar
Bai, Y, Lin, C-C, Lin, C-Y, Chen, J-Y, Chue, C-M, Chou, P. Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatr Serv 2004; 55: 1055–7.Google Scholar
Caleo, G, Duncombe, J, Jephcott, F, Lokuge, K, Mills, C, Looijen, E, et al. The factors affecting household transmission dynamics and community compliance with Ebola control measures: a mixed-methods study in a rural village in Sierra Leone. BMC Public Health 2018; 18: 248.Google Scholar
Cava, MA, Fay, KE, Beanlands, HJ, McCay, EA, Wignall, R. The experience of quarantine for individuals affected by SARS in Toronto. Public Health Nurs 2005; 22: 398406.Google Scholar
Marjanovic, Z, Greenglass, ER, Coffey, S. The relevance of psychosocial variables and working conditions in predicting nurses’ coping strategies during the SARS crisis: an online questionnaire survey. Int J Nurs Stud 2007; 44: 991–8.Google Scholar
Braunack-Mayer, A, Tooher, R, Collins, JE, Street, JM, Marshall, H. Understanding the school community’s response to school closures during the H1N1 2009 influenza pandemic. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 344.Google Scholar
Pellecchia, U, Crestani, R, Decroo, T, Van den Bergh, R, Al-Kourdi, Y. Social consequences of Ebola containment measures in Liberia. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0143036.Google Scholar
Hawryluck, L, Gold, WL, Robinson, S, Pogorski, S, Galea, S, Styra, R. SARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 1206–12.Google Scholar
Taylor, MR, Agho, KE, Stevens, GJ, Raphael, B. Factors influencing psychological distress during a disease epidemic: data from Australia’s first outbreak of equine influenza. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yoon, MK, Kim, SY, Ko, HS, Lee, MS. System effectiveness of detection, brief intervention and refer to treatment for the people with post-traumatic emotional distress by MERS: a case report of community-based proactive intervention in South Korea. Int J Ment Health Syst 2016; 10: 51.Google Scholar
Desclaux, A, Badji, D, Ndione, AG, Sow, K. Accepted monitoring or endured quarantine? Ebola contacts’ perceptions in Senegal. Soc Sci Med 2017; 178: 3845.Google Scholar
DiGiovanni, C, Conley, J, Chiu, D, Zaborski, J. Factors influencing compliance with quarantine in Toronto during the 2003 SARS outbreak. Biosecur Bioterror 2004; 2: 265–72.Google Scholar
Pan, PJD, Chang, S-H, Yu, Y-Y. A support group for home-quarantined college students exposed to SARS: learning from practice. J Spec Group Work 2005; 30: 363–74.Google Scholar
Reynolds, DL, Garay, JR, Deamond, SL, Moran, MK, Gold, W, Styra, R. Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 136: 9971007.Google Scholar
Lee, S, Chan, LY, Chau, AM, Kwok, KP, Kleinman, A. The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens. Soc Sci Med 2005; 61: 2038–46.Google Scholar
Sprang, G, Silman, M. Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2013; 7: 105–10.Google Scholar
Blendon, RJ, Benson, JM, DesRoches, CM, Raleigh, E, Taylor-Clark, K. The public’s response to severe acute respiratory syndrome in Toronto and the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 925–31.Google Scholar
Jeong, H, Yim, HW, Song, Y-J, Ki, M, Min, J-A, Cho, J, et al. Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiol Health 2016; 38: e2016048.Google Scholar
Robertson, E, Hershenfield, K, Grace, SL, Stewart, DE. The psychosocial effects of being quarantined following exposure to SARS: a qualitative study of Toronto health care workers. Can J Psychiatry 2004; 49: 403–7.Google Scholar
Wilken, JA, Pordell, P, Goode, B, Jarteh, R, Miller, Z, Saygar, BG, et al. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices among members of households actively monitored or quarantined to prevent transmission of Ebola virus disease – Margibi County, Liberia: February–March 2015. Prehosp Disaster Med 2017; 32: 673–8.Google Scholar
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (US). Understanding the impact of trauma. In Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US), 2014.Google Scholar
Mihashi, M, Otsubo, Y, Yinjuan, X, Nagatomi, K, Hoshiko, M, Ishitake, T. Predictive factors of psychological disorder development during recovery following SARS outbreak. Health Psychol 2009; 28: 91100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, P, Liu, X, Fang, Y, Fan, B, Fuller, CJ, Guan, Z, et al. Alcohol abuse/dependence symptoms among hospital employees exposed to a SARS outbreak. Alcohol Alcoholism 2008; 43: 706–12.Google Scholar
Liu, X, Kakade, M, Fuller, CJ, Fan, B, Fang, Y, Kong, J, et al. Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Compr Psychiatry 2012; 53: 1523.Google Scholar
Wester, M, Giesecke, J. Ebola and healthcare worker stigma. Scand J Public Health 2019; 47: 99104.Google Scholar
Burke, T, Berry, A, Taylor, LK, Stafford, O, Murphy, E, Shevlin, M, et al. Increased psychological distress during COVID-19 and quarantine in Ireland: a national survey. J Clin Med 2020; 9: 3481.Google Scholar
Gan, Y, Ma, J, Wu, J, Chen, Y, Zhu, H, Hall, BJ. Immediate and delayed psychological effects of province-wide lockdown and personal quarantine during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Psychol Med 2022; 52: 1321–32.Google Scholar
Lei, L, Huang, X, Zhang, S, Yang, J, Yang, L, Xu, M. Comparison of prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among people affected by versus people unaffected by quarantine during the COVID-19 epidemic in Southwestern China. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26: e924609.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Xin, M, Luo, S, She, R, Yu, Y, Li, L, Wang, S, et al. Negative cognitive and psychological correlates of mandatory quarantine during the initial COVID-19 outbreak in China. Am Psychol 2020; 75: 607–17.Google Scholar
Fancourt, D, Steptoe, A, Bu, F. Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study. Lancet Psychiatry 2021; 8: 141–9.Google Scholar
Smith, LE, Amlôt, R, Lambert, H, Oliver, I, Yardley, L, Rubin, GJ. Factors associated with adherence to self-isolation and lockdown measures in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Public Health 2020; 187: 4152.Google Scholar
Fischer, R, Bortolini, T, Karl, JA, Zilberberg, M, Robinson, K, Rabelo, A, et al. Rapid review and meta-meta-analysis of self-guided interventions to address anxiety, depression, and stress during COVID-19 social distancing. Front Psychol 2020; 11: 2795.Google Scholar
Carter, H, Amlôt, R. Mass casualty decontamination guidance and psychosocial aspects of CBRN incident management: a review and synthesis. PLoS Curr 2016; 8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.c2d3d652d9d07a2a620ed5429e017ef5Google Scholar

References

Johansson, MA, Quandelacy, TM, Kada, S, Prasad, PV, Steele, M, Brooks, JT, et al. SARS-CoV-2 transmission from people without COVID-19 Symptoms. JAMA Netw Open 2021; J4(1): e211383. Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4(2):e211383.Google Scholar
Chaw, L, Koh, WC, Jamaludin, S, Naing, L, Alikhan, MF, Wong, J. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in different settings, Brunei. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26: 2598–606.Google Scholar
Du, Z, Xu, X, Wu, Y, Wang, L, Cowling, BJ, Meyers, LA. Serial interval of COVID-19 among publicly reported confirmed cases. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26: 1341–3.Google Scholar
Lee, S, Kim, T, Lee, E, et al. Clinical course and molecular viral shedding among asymptomatic and symptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a community treatment center in the Republic of Korea. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180: 1447–52.Google Scholar
Chu, DK, Elie, AA, Akl, A, Duda, S, Solo, K, Yaacoub, S, et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg 2020; 72: 1500.Google Scholar
Taylor, MR, Agho, KE, Stevens, GJ, Raphael, B. Factors influencing psychological distress during a disease epidemic: data from Australia’s first outbreak of equine influenza. BMC Public Health. 2008; 8: 347.Google Scholar
Liu, X, Kakade, M, Fuller, CJ, et al. Depression after exposure to stressful events: lessons learned from the severe acute respiratory syndrome epidemic. Compr Psychiatry 2012; 53: 1523.Google Scholar
Moslehi, S, Aubrey-Jones, D, Knowles, M, Obeney-Williams, J, Leveson, S, Aref-Adib, G. Cyberpsychiatry versus COVID-19: using video consultation to improve clinical care in an in-patient psychiatric unit. BJPsych Int 2021; 18: E10.Google Scholar
Meyerowitz, EA, Richterman, A, Gandhi, RT, Sax, PE. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: a review of viral, host, and environmental factors. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174: 6979.Google Scholar
BBC News. Coronavirus: Virus isolation period extended from seven to 10 days. BBC News, 30 July 2020 (www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-53588709).Google Scholar
Fiorillo, A, Gorwood, P. The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63: e32.Google Scholar
Brand, JW, Morrice, DJ, Patteril, MV, Mackay, JH. National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) to identify inpatient COVID-19 deterioration: the importance of pO2:FiO2 ratio. Clin Med (Lond). 2021; 21: e315–16.Google Scholar
Gilburt, H, Rose, D, Slade, M. The importance of relationships in mental health care: a qualitative study of service users’ experiences of psychiatric hospital admission in the UK. BMC Health Serv Res 2008; 8: 92.Google Scholar
Parker-Pope, T. Why days 5 to 10 are so important when you have coronavirus. New York Times, 30 April 2022 (www.nytimes.com/2020/04/30/well/live/coronavirus-days-5-through-10.html).Google Scholar

References

McKittrick, D, Kelters, S, Feeney, B, Thornton, C, McVea, D. Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Mainstream Publishing, 2012.Google Scholar
Bolton, D. Conflict, Peace and Mental Health: Addressing the Consequences of Conflict and Trauma in Northern Ireland. Manchester University Press, 2017.Google Scholar
Ehlers, A, Clark, DM. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther 2000; 38: 319–45.Google Scholar
Duffy, M, Bolton, D, Gillespie, K, Ehlers, A, Clark, DM. A community study of the psychological effects of the Omagh car bomb on adults. PLoS One 2013; 8: e76618.Google Scholar
Duffy, M, McDermott, M, Percy, A, Ehlers, A, Clark, DM, Fitzgerald, M, et al. The effects of the Omagh bomb on adolescent mental health: a school-based study. BMC Psychiatry 2015; 15: 18.Google Scholar
McDermott, M, Duffy, M, Percy, A, Fitzgerald, M, Cole, C. A school based study of psychological disturbance in children following the Omagh bomb. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2013; 7: 36.Google Scholar
Luce, A, Firth-Cozens, J, Midgley, S, Burges, C. After the Omagh bomb: posttraumatic stress disorder in health service staff. J Trauma Stress 2002; 15: 2730.Google Scholar
Gillespie, K, Duffy, M, Hackmann, A, Clark, DM. Community based cognitive therapy in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following the Omagh bomb. Behav Res Ther 2002; 40: 345–57.Google Scholar
Duffy, M, Gillespie, K, Clark, DM. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the context of terrorism and other civil conflict in Northern Ireland: randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2007; 334: 147–50.Google Scholar
Prigerson, HG, Boelen, PA, Xu, J, Smith, KV, Maciejewski, PK. Validation of the new DSM-5-TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG-13-Revised (PG-13-R) scale. World Psychiatry 2021; 20: 96106.Google Scholar
Litterer, DA, Hoyt, WT. Effectiveness of grief therapy: a meta-analysis. J Couns Psychol 1999; 46: 370–80.Google Scholar
Duffy, M, Wild, J. A cognitive approach to persistent complex bereavement disorder (PCBD). Cogn Behav Ther 2017; 10: E16.Google Scholar
Duffy, M, Wild, J. Living with loss: a cognitive approach to complicated and traumatic grief. Behav Cogn Psychother 2023. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465822000674.Google Scholar
Clark, DM. Realising the mass public benefit of evidence-based psychological therapies: the IAPT program. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2018; 14: 159–83.Google Scholar
Mulholland, C, Duffy, M, McIlwaine, R, Coughlan, C. Implementation of Troubles Permanent Disablement Payment Scheme: Rapid Review. Victims’ Payments Board, 2021 (www.victimspaymentsboard.org.uk/sites/victimspayments/files/publications/TPDPS-Literature-Review-final-1.2.pdf).Google Scholar

References

Hirsch, M, Carli, P, Nizard, R, Riou, B, Baroudjian, B, Baubet, T, et al. The medical response to multisite terrorist attacks in Paris. Lancet 2015; 386: 2535–8.Google Scholar
Motreff, Y, Baubet, T, Pirard, P, Rabet, G, Petitclerc, M, Stene, LE, et al. Factors associated with PTSD and partial PTSD among first responders following the Paris terror attacks in November 2015. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 121: 143–50.Google Scholar
Prieto, N, Cheucle, E, Faure, P, Digard, F, Dalphin, C, Pachiaudi, V, et al. Defusing of victims of the terrorist attacks in Paris. Elements of assessment one-month post-event [article in French]. Encephale 2018; 44: 118–21.Google Scholar
Pirard, P, Baubet, T, Motreff, Y, Rabet, G, Marillier, M, Vandentorren, S, et al. Use of mental health supports by civilians exposed to the November 2015 terrorist attacks in Paris. BMC Health Serv Res 2020; 20: 959.Google Scholar
Pietrzak, RH, Schechter, CB, Bromet, EJ, Katz, CL, Reissman, DB, Ozbay, F, et al. The burden of full and subsyndromal posttraumatic stress disorder among police involved in the World Trade Center rescue and recovery effort. J Psychiatr Res 2012; 46: 835–42.Google Scholar
National Center for PTSD. The PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). US Department of Veterans Affairs, 2013 (www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/adult-sr/ptsd-checklist.asp).Google Scholar
McLaughlin, KA, Koenen, KC, Friedman, MJ, Ruscio, AM, Karam, EG, Shahly, V, et al. Sub-threshold posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys. Biol Psychiatry 2015; 77: 375–84.Google Scholar
Perrin, MA, DiGrande, L, Wheeler, K, Thorpe, L, Farfel, M, Brackbill, R. Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers. Am J Psychiatry 2007; 164: 1385–94.Google Scholar
Gabriel, R, Ferrando, L, Cortón, ES, Mingote, C, García-Camba, E, Liria, AF, et al. Psychopathological consequences after a terrorist attack: an epidemiological study among victims, the general population, and police officers. Eur Psychiatry 2007; 22: 339–46.Google Scholar
Skogstad, L, Heir, T, Hauff, E, Ekeberg, Ø. Post-traumatic stress among rescue workers after terror attacks in Norway. Occup Med 2016; 66: 528–35.Google Scholar
Misra, M, Greenberg, N, Hutchinson, C, Brain, A, Glozier, N. Psychological impact upon London Ambulance Service of the 2005 bombings. Occup Med 2009; 59: 428–33.Google Scholar
Boscarino, JA, Adams, RE, Stuber, J, Galea, S. Disparities in mental health treatment following the World Trade Center disaster: implications for mental health care and health services research. J Trauma Stress 2005; 18: 287–97.Google Scholar
North, CS, Nixon, SJ, Shariat, S, Mallonee, S, McMillen, JC, Spitznagel, EL, et al. Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. JAMA 1999; 282: 755–62.Google Scholar
Stene, LE, Dyb, G. Health service utilization after terrorism: a longitudinal study of survivors of the 2011 Utøya attack in Norway. BMC Health Serv Res 2015; 15: 158.Google Scholar
Kovess-Masfety, V, Alonso, J, Brugha, TS, Angermeyer, MC, Haro, JM, Sevilla-Dedieu, C, et al. Differences in lifetime use of services for mental health problems in six European countries. Psychiatr Serv 2007; 58: 213–20.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. NICE Guideline [NG116]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2018 (www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116).Google Scholar
Behbod, B, Leonardi, G, Motreff, Y, Beck, CR, Yzermans, J, Lebret, E, et al. An international comparison of the instigation and design of health registers in the epidemiological response to major environmental health incidents. J Public Health Manag Pract 2017; 23: 2028.Google Scholar

References

World Health Organization. Psychological First Aid: Guide for Field Workers. World Health Organization, 2011.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. NICE Guideline [NG116]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015. Note to readers: this was the guideline available at the time of the Manchester Arena bombing. It was subsequently superseded by the guideline in reference [3].Google Scholar
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. NICE Guideline [NG116]. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2018 (www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng116).Google Scholar
French, P, Barrett, A, Allsopp, K, Williams, R, Brewin, CR, Hind, D, et al. Psychological screening of adults and young people following the Manchester Arena incident. BJPsych Open 2019; 5: e85.Google Scholar
Allsopp, K, Brewin, CR, Barrett, A, Williams, R, Hind, D, Chitsabesan, P, et al. Responding to mental health needs after terror attacks BMJ 2019; 366: l4828.Google Scholar
Dyregrov, A, Dyregrov, K, Straume, M, Grønvold Bugge, R. Weekend family gatherings for bereaved after the terror killings in Norway in 2011. Scand Psychol 2014; 1: e8.Google Scholar
NHS England and NHS Improvement. Responding to the Needs of People Affected by Incidents and Emergencies: A Framework for Planning and Delivering Psychosocial and Mental Health Care. NHS England and NHS Improvement, 2021.Google Scholar
Stancombe, J, Williams, R, Drury, J, Collins, H, Lagan, L, Barrett, A, et al. People’s experiences of distress and psychosocial care following a terrorist attack: interviews with survivors of the Manchester Arena bombing in 2017. BJPsych Open 2022; 8: e41.Google Scholar
Collins, H, Allsopp, K, Arvanitis, K, Chitsabesan, P, French, P. Psychological impact of spontaneous memorials: a narrative review. Psychol Trauma 2022; 14: 1230–36.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×