Chapter 8 explores several traditions of citizenship that all reject the liberal idea of citizenship founded in consumption and markets as well as the ethno-nationalist idea of citizenship based upon a “public” perceived as an organic unity. The public is apprehended instead as a place where strangers come together, and citizenship as an activity that occurs in those public places. In other words, the public is a city, and the citizen is a participant in a vibrant and diverse civic life rather than either a passive consumer or subsumed within a solidaristic entity. Unlike the liberal idea of local citizenship that privileges mobility solely for the white middle class, these alternative traditions seek to empower communities of color to chart their own destinies by asserting their rights to the city’s places.