Chapter 4 analyzes abortive attempts to create a national Jewish system of law at the founding of the state. Under the circumstances of the 1948 Jewish-Arab War, the advocates of Hebrew law realized that it would not be possible to institute a comprehensive legal system based on Jewish-Hebrew foundations. Three options thus remained on the table. The first was to legislate as many laws based on Jewish-Hebrew law as possible, or at least to add Jewish-Hebrew chapters or sections to existing laws. The second was to insert into the new country’s declaration of independence or constitution, when they were drafted, a general declaration that Jewish-Hebrew law would be a principal source of legislation for the new country. The third was to have Hebrew law serve as the country’s residual law, meaning that it would apply in cases where there was a legal lacuna. Eventually the young state did not adopt any of these options choosing, at its founding, to circumvent the dispute that would be involved in grounding Jewish-Israeli identity in law.