Book contents
- ASCL Studies In Comparative Law
- Juries, Lay Judges, and Mixed Courts
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Editors
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction
- Part I Advances in Lay Participation
- Part II Enduring Systems of Lay Participation
- Part III Challenges to Lay Participation in Law
- 10 Dismissing the Jury
- 11 Trials by Peers
- 12 The Russian Jury Trial
- 13 Trial by Jury in Georgia
- Part IV Global Perspectives on Lay Participation
- Name Index
- Subject Index
- References
12 - The Russian Jury Trial
An Ongoing Legal and Political Experiment
from Part III - Challenges to Lay Participation in Law
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 August 2021
Book contents
- ASCL Studies In Comparative Law
- Juries, Lay Judges, and Mixed Courts
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Editors
- Contributors
- Acknowledgments
- 1 Introduction
- Part I Advances in Lay Participation
- Part II Enduring Systems of Lay Participation
- Part III Challenges to Lay Participation in Law
- 10 Dismissing the Jury
- 11 Trials by Peers
- 12 The Russian Jury Trial
- 13 Trial by Jury in Georgia
- Part IV Global Perspectives on Lay Participation
- Name Index
- Subject Index
- References
Summary
Trial by jury in Russia is an ongoing legal and political experiment that has been carried out for the last 155 years. Throughout this period several governments in Russia attempted to use the jury trial to legitimize courts in the eyes of citizens by involving them in the administration of justice. At the same time, the government exercised close control over lay participation through various legislative and judicial mechanisms. We analyze legislative changes affecting the jury over the course of its history in Russia and we identify and examine three main controlling mechanisms. These include the relationship between the Russian government and the jury trial; the change in types of cases that juries can hear in Russia, especially in relation to crimes against the state; the diminishing role of the defense with respect to juries; and the increasing role of the government in influencing jury composition. This chapter also explores the significance of adversarial and inquisitorial elements of the Russian jury trial in Tsarist and modern times.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Juries, Lay Judges, and Mixed CourtsA Global Perspective, pp. 237 - 260Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2021
References
Afanas’ev, A. K. (1978). Sostav suda prisiazhnykh v Rossii [Composition of juries in Russia]. Voprosy istorii, 6, 199–203.Google Scholar
Afanas’ev, A. K.(2003). Sud prisiazhnykh v Rossii [Trial by jury in Russia]. Otechestvennye zapiski, 2. https://magazines.gorky.media/oz/2003/2/sud-prisyazhnyh-v-rossii.htmlGoogle Scholar
Bhat, G. N. (1997). The moralization of guilt in late imperial Russian trial by jury: The early reform era. Law and History Review, 15(1), 77–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobrishchev-Pushkin, A. M. (1896). Empiricheskie zakony deiatel’nosti russkago suda prisiazhnykh [Empirical laws of the Russian jury trial]. Moscow: Pechatnia A. I. Snegirevoi.Google Scholar
Browder, R. P., & Kerensky, A. F. (Eds.). (1961). The Russian Provisional Government, 1917: Documents. In three volumes. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Bukov, V. A. (1997). Ot rossiiskogo suda prisiazhnykh k proletarskomu pravosudiiu: u istokov totalitarizma [From the Russian jury trial to the proletariat justice: At the origins of totalitarianism]. Moscow: Arkheograficheskii tsentr.Google Scholar
Chebyshev-Dmitriev, A. P. (1875a). Russkoe ugolovnoe sudoproizvodstvo po sudebnym ustavam 20 noiabria 1864 g [Russian criminal procedure on the Judicial Codes of November 20, 1864]. Saint Petersburg: Izdatel’stvo V. P. Pechatkina.Google Scholar
Chebyshev-Dmitriev, A. P.(1875b). Sistematicheskii svod reshenii kassatsionnykh departamentov Senata 1866–1875 gg. s podlinnym tekstov reshenii, izvlechennymi iz nikh tezisami i kriticheskim razborom ikh: v 3-kh tomakh, Tom III: Resheniia ugolovnovnogo Kassatsionnogo Departamenta, raz’iasniaiushchie Ustav ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva [A systematic collection of decisions of the cassation departments of the Senate 1866–1875 with the original text of the decisions, abstracts extracted from them and critical analysis of them, Volume 3: Decisions of the Criminal Court of Cassation explaining the Code of Criminal Procedure]. Saint Petersburg.Google Scholar
Cheltsov-Bebutov, M. A. (1995). Kurs ugolovno-protsessual’nogo prava: Ocherki po istorii suda i ugolovnogo protsessa v rabovladel’cheskikh, feodal’nykh i burzhuaznykh gosudarstvakh [The course of the Criminal Procedural Law: Essays on history of court and criminal procedure in slaveholding, feudal and bourgeois states]. Saint Petersburg: Alfa.Google Scholar
Demichev, A. A. (2001). Periodizatsiia istorii suda prisiazhnykh v Rossii [Periodization of the history of the jury trial in Russia]. Zhurnal rossiiskogo prava, 7, 137–150.Google Scholar
Demichev, A. A.(2003). Sravnitel’no pravovoe issledovanie suda prisiazhnykh v Rossii (Istoriia i sovremennost) [Comparative legal analysis of the jury trial in Russia (History and modern period)]. Unpublished Doctoral of Jurisprudence dissertation, Nizhegorodskaia Academy of the Ministry of the Interior (MVD), Russia.Google Scholar
Donovan, J. M. (2010). Juries and the transformation of criminal justice in France. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Dudko, N. A. (2013). Poetapnoe vvedenie suda prisiazhnykh v Rossii [Phased introduction of the jury trial in Russia]. Barnaul: Izdatel’stvo Altaiskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta.Google Scholar
Dzhanshiev, G. A. (2004). Osnovy sudebnoi reform [Judicial reform framework]. Moscow: Statut.Google Scholar
Efremova, N. N. (2008). Reorganizatsiia rossiiskoi iustitsii v epokhu prosveshcheniia [Reorganization of the Russian justice in the enlightenment era]. Zhurnal rossiiskogo prava, 3, 135–148.Google Scholar
Esmein, A. (1913). A history of continental criminal procedure: With special reference to France. Translated by Simpson, J. Boston: Little, Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Federal’nyi Zakon Rossiiskoi Federatsii o vvedenii v deistvie ugolovno-protsessual’nogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Federal Law of the Russian Federation on the introduction of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation], No. 177-FZ, December 18, 2001.Google Scholar
Federal’nyi Zakon Rossiiskoi Federatsii o vnesenii izmenenii v Federal’nyi zakon o vvedenii v deistvie ugolovno-protsessual’nogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Federal Law of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Federal Law on introduction of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation], No. 181–FZ, December 27, 2002.Google Scholar
Federal’nyi Zakon Rossiiskoi Federatsii o vnesenii izmenenii v otdel’nye zakonodatel’nye akty Rossiiskoi Federatsii po voprosam protivodeistviia terrorizmu [Federal Law of the Russian Federation on amendments to certain legislative acts of the Russian Federation counteractions against terrorism], No. 321–FZ, December 30, 2008.Google Scholar
Federal’nyi Zakon Rossiiskoi Federatsii o primenenii polozhenii Ugolovnogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Federatsii i Ugolovno-portsessual’nogo kodeksa Rossiiskoi Federatsii na territoriiakh Respubliki Krym i goroda federal’nogo znacheniia Sevastopolia [Federal Law of the Russian Federation on the application of provisions of the Criminal Code and Code of the Criminal Procedure on the territory of Crimea and the city of federal importance Sebastopol], No. 91-FZ, May 5, 2014.Google Scholar
Federal’nyi Zakon Rossiiskoi Federatsii o vnesenii izmenenii v Ugolovno-protsessual’nyi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii v sviazi s rasshireniem primeneniia institute prisiazhnykh zasedatelei [Federal Law of the Russian Federation on amendments to the Code of Criminal Procedure with regard to expansion of the application of jury trial], No. 190-FZ, June 23, 2016.Google Scholar
Ferguson, A. G. (2014). The jury as constitutional identity. University of California Davis Law Review, 47, 1105–1171.Google Scholar
Foinitskii., I. Ya. (1996). Kurs ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva [Criminal procedure course]. 2 vols. Saint Petersburg: Alfa.Google Scholar
Gessen, I. V. (1905). Sudebnaia reforma [Judicial reform]. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia F. Vaisberga & P. Gershunina.Google Scholar
Golunskii, S. A. (Ed.). (1955). Istoriia zakonodatel’stva SSSR i RSFSR po ugolovnomu protsessu i organizatsii suda i prokuratury, 1917–1954 gg: Sbornik dokumentov [History of legislation of the USSR and RSFSR on criminal procedure and organization of courts and prosecutors office, 1917–1954: Compilation of documents]. Moscow: Gos. izd. iurid. lit-ry.Google Scholar
Iasel’skaia, V. V., & Grishchenko, A. V. (2018). Sostiazatel’naia deiatel’nost’ zashchitnika na etape formirovaniia kollegii prisiazhnykh zasedatelei [Adversarial advocacy of the defense counsel at the jury selection stage]. Ugolovnaia iustitsiia, 11, 119–123.Google Scholar
Istraty, V. V. (2015). Sotsial’naia terminologiia v russkom perevode traktata W. Blackstona “Istolkovania aglinskikh zakonov” [Social terminology in the Russian translation of W. Blackstone’s “Commentaries on the Laws of England”]. Acta Linguistica Petropolitana: Trudy Instituta lingvisticheskikh issledovanii, 11(3), 635–659.Google Scholar
Jackson, J., & Kovalev, N. (2016). Lay adjudication in Europe: The rise and fall of the traditional jury. Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 6, 368–395.Google Scholar
Karnozova, L. M. (2000). Vozrozhdennyi sud prisiazhnykh: Zamysel i problemy stanovleniia [Resurrected jury trial: Design and problems of becoming]. Moscow: Nota Bene.Google Scholar
Karnozova, L. M.(2001). Sudebnaia reforma: Problem i perspektivy [Judicial reform: Problems and prospects]. Moscow: Institut gosudarstva i prava, RAN.Google Scholar
Konstitutsiia (Osnovkoi Zakon) RSFSR [Constitution of the RSFSR] (1978/1992), with amendments as of December 10, 1992. https://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1978/red_1978/183126/Google Scholar
Konstitutsiia Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Constitution of the Russian Federation] (1993), adopted December 12, 1993. www.constitution.ru/en/10003000–02.htmGoogle Scholar
Korotkikh, M. G. (1989). Samoderzhavie i sudebnaia reforma 1864 g. v Rossii [Autocracy and judicial reform of 1864 in Russia]. Voronezh: Izdatel’stvo voronezhskogo universiteta.Google Scholar
Kovalev, N. (2010). Criminal justice reform in Russia, Ukraine, and the Former Republics of the Soviet Union. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press.Google Scholar
Kovalev, N.(2014). Selection of jurors and lay assessors in comparative perspective. Russian Law Journal, 2, 9–62.Google Scholar
Kovalev, N., & Smirnov, A. (2014). The nature of the Russian trial by jury: “Jury patriae” or “raison d’état.” European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 22, 115–133.Google Scholar
Kozak, D. (2001, May 17). Sud prosiazhnykh budet vveden [Jury trials will be introduced]. Nezavisimaia gazeta, No. 86 (2396). www.ng.ru/politics/2001–05-17/3_news.htmlGoogle Scholar
Kozhevnikov, M. V. (1957). Istoriia sovetskogo suda 1917–1956 gody [History of the Soviet court 1917–1956]. Moscow: Gosiurizdat.Google Scholar
Kucherov, S. (1970). The organs of Soviet administration of justice: Their history and operation. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Levada-Center. (2018, October 22). Institutional trust [Press release]. www.levada.ru/en/2018/10/22/institutional-trust–4Google Scholar
Lloyd-Bostock, S., & Thomas, C. (2000). The continuing decline of the English jury. In Vidmar, N (Ed.), World jury systems (pp. 53–91). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
MacKay, R. (2016). Jury nullification: The quality of mercy is not strained. Criminal Law Quarterly, 63, 80–101.Google Scholar
Mel’nik, V. V. (2003). Iskusstvo zashchity v sude prisiazhnykh [The art of defense in jury trials]. Moscow: Delo.Google Scholar
Nager, B. R. (1964). The jury that tried William Penn. American Bar Association Journal, 50(2), 168–170.Google Scholar
Nasonov, S. A. (2014). Jury selection: Problems of legal regulation and judicial practice. Current Problems of the Russian Law, 12(49), 2841–2846.Google Scholar
Nasonov, S. A.(Ed.). (2016a). Sud prisiazhnykh i advokatura v Rossii, Tom I: Vvedenie i razvitie suda prisiazhnykh [Jury trial and the bar in Russia, Volume 1: Introduction and development of the jury trial]. Moscow: Federal’naia palata advokatov Rossiiskoi Federatsii.Google Scholar
Nasonov, S. A.(2016b). Istoricheskie modeli proizvodstva v sude prisiazhnykh [Historical models of trial by jury]. Moscow: Bibliotechka grazhdanskogo obshchestva.Google Scholar
Nikitinskii, L. (2019, June 26). V usloviiakh neochevidnosti: Kak vidimost’ v sude prisiazhnykh izmeniaetsia v zavisimosti ot togo, predstavliaet li svoi argumenty zashchita ili obvinenie [How the appearance in jury trial varies depending on whether the defense or the prosecution presents its arguments]. Novaia gazeta, No. 68. www.novayagazeta.ru/articles/2019/06/26/81033-v-usloviyah-neochevidnostiGoogle Scholar
Pashin, S. A., & Karnozova, L. M. (Eds.). (1996). Sostiazatel’noe pravosudie [Adversarial justice]. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyi komitet sodeistviia pravosudiia.Google Scholar
Pereira, N. G. O. (1983). Tsar-Liberator: Alexander II of Russia, 1818–1881. Newtonville, MA: Oriental Research Partners.Google Scholar
Pervyi sud prisiazhnykh v Krymu: Vinovny v razboe i ubiistve [First jury trial in Crimea: Guilty of robbery and murder]. (2018, March 23). ForPost. https://sevastopol.su/news/pervyy-sud-prisyazhnyh-v-krymu-vinovny-v-razboe-i-ubiystveGoogle Scholar
Popova, A. D. (2016). Demokratiia, pravosudie, grazhdanskoe obshchestvo: Stanovlenie i vzaimodeistvie [Democracy, justice and civil society: Formation and interaction]. Moskva: Prospekt.Google Scholar
Reed, J. T. (1996). Penn, Zenger and O.J.: Jury nullification – Justice of the wacko fringe’s attempt to further its anti-government agenda. Duquesne Law Review, 34, 1125–1140.Google Scholar
Shcheglovitov, S. G. (1887). Sudebnye Ustavy imperatora Alexandra Vtorogo s zakonodatel’nymi motivami i raz’iasneniiami: Ustav ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia Stasiulevicha.Google Scholar
Shramchenko, M. V., & Shirkov, V. P. (Eds.). (1913). Ustav ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva s pozdneishimi uzakoneniiami, zakonodatel’nymi motivami, raz’iasneniiami Pravitel’stvuiushchego Senata i tsirkuliarami Ministra iustitsii [Code of criminal procedure with the latest legalization, legislative motives, clarifications of the Governing Senate and circulars of the minister of justice]. Saint Petersburg: Izdanie Iuridicheskogo Knizhnogo Magazina N.K. Martynova.Google Scholar
Sluchevskii, V. (1910). Uchebnik russkago ugolovnogo protsessa [Textbook on criminal procedure]. 3rd ed. Saint Petersburg: Tipografiia M. M. Stasiulevicha.Google Scholar
Sudebnaia kollegiia po ugolovnym delam Verkhovnogo Suda [Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]. (2013). Apelliatsionnoe opredelenie [Appellate decision], July 9, No. 32-APU13-7sp. Consultant Plus. www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=ARB&n=347447 - 0023860874661191245Google Scholar
Sudebnyi Departament pri Verkhovnom Sude Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]. (2018). Otchet ob itogakh deiatel’nosti Departamenta pri Verkhovnom Sude Rossiiskoi Federatsii za 2017 god [2017 annual report of the activities of the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]. www.cdep.ru/userimages/OTChYoT_2017.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sudebnyi Departament pri Verkhovnom Sude Rossiiskoi Federatsii(2019a). Otchet ob itogakh deiatel’nosti Departamenta pri Verkhovnom Sude Rossiiskoi Federatsii za 2018 god [2018 annual report of the activities of the Judicial Department at the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation]. www.cdep.ru/userimages/OTChYoT_2018.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sudebnyi Departament pri Verkhovnom Sude Rossiiskoi Federatsii(2019b). Sudebnaia statistika [Judicial statistics]. www.cdep.ru/index.php?id=5Google Scholar
Surin, A. V. (Ed.). (2008). Klassiki teorii gosudarstvennogo upravleniia: Upravlencheskie idei v Rossii [Classics of theory of public administration: Governance ideas in Russia]. Moskow: Rosspen.Google Scholar
Ternovskii, N. A. (1901). Iuridicheskie osnovaniia k suzhdeniiu o sile dokazatel’stv i mysli iz rechei predsedatel’stvuiushchego po ugolovnym delam [Legal reasons for judgment on strength of evidence and opinions from the jury instructions of the presiding judge in criminal cases]. Tula: Tipografia V. N. Sokolova.Google Scholar
Thaman, S. C. (1995). The resurrection of trial by jury in Russia. Stanford Journal of International Law, 31, 61–274.Google Scholar
Ugolovno-protsessual’nyi kodeks RSFSR v redaktsii zakona ot 1993 [Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR] (1993).Google Scholar
Ugolovno-protsessual’nyi kodeks Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation] (2001).Google Scholar
Ustav ugolovnogo sudoproizvodstva [Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Empire] (1864), adopted November 20, 1864.Google Scholar
Varfolomeev, Yu. V. (2011). Advokaty vo vlasti: prisiazhnye poverennye – sotrudniki Chrezvychainoi sledstvennoi komissii Vremennogo pravitel’stva [Lawyers in the state power: Attorneys – employees of the Extraordinary Investigation Commission of Provisional Government]. Advokat, 6, 60–70.Google Scholar
Vasil’ev, A., & Baranosvkii, A. (2017). Sud prisiazhnykh: poslednii shans femidy [Trial by jury: The last Themis’ chance]. Moscow: Izdate’skie Reshenia.Google Scholar
Vasil’eva, E. V. (2013). Programmy politicheskikh partii Rossii kontsa XIX-nachala XX vv [Programs of political parties of Russia at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries]. Omsk: SibADI.Google Scholar
Verkhovnyi Sud Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Supreme Court of the Russian Federation], Postanovlenie Plenum: O nekotorykh voprosakh primeneniia sudami ugolovno-portsessual’nykh norm, reglamentiruiushchikh proizvodstvo v sude prisiazhnykh [Decision of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on issues of rules regulating jury trials], No. 9, December 20, 1994. www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_5676/Google Scholar
Kassatsionnoe opredelenie Verkhovnogo suda Rossiiskoi Federatsii [Cassational decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation], No. 25-011-4SP, March 23, 2011. www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=ARB&n=189022 - 05617412749405002Google Scholar
Vidmar, N.(2000b). The jury elsewhere in the world. In Vidmar, N (Ed.), World jury systems (pp. 421–447). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vilkova, T. Iu., & Nasonov, S. A. (2017). Printsip uchastiia grazhdan v osushchestvlenii pravosudiia v ugolovnom sudoproizvodstve [The principle of lay participation in criminal justice]. Moscow: Iurait.Google Scholar
Zakon ot 16 iulia 1993 g. No. 5451-I “O vnesenii izmenenii i dopolnenii v Zakon RSFSR ‘O sudoustroistve RSFSR’, Ugolovno-protsessual’nyi kodeks RSFSR, Ugolovnyi kodeks RSFSR i Kodeks ob administrativnykh pravonarusheniiakh” [Law of July 16, 1993 No. 5451-I “On amendments to the Law of the RSFSR” on the Judicial System of the RSFSR, Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR, Criminal Code of the RSFSR and Code of Administrative Offences].Google Scholar