This final chapter offers analysis and reflections on law and policy and associated operational practice, that may contribute to improve protection of civilians. It discusses weaknesses in international humanitarian law, including on use of explosive weapons in populated areas, and indiscriminate weapons. It calls for more States and organisations to set specific policy on the protection of civilians so that they can define organisational objectives and direct resources and efforts accordingly. The challenges for PoC in urban settings are especially discussed. Future threats from cyber operations and Great Power conflict, and the protection of the environment are challenges on the horizon.