Interactions in the Deep Sea

doi:10.1017/9781108235792.020

Chapter 19 - Interactions in the Deep Sea

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 September 2019

A. Louise Allcock and

Edited by

Louise B. Firth and

Stephen J. Hawkins: Affiliation:
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth
Katrin Bohn: Affiliation:
Natural England
Louise B. Firth: Affiliation:
University of Plymouth
Gray A. Williams: Affiliation:
The University of Hong Kong

Book contents

Get access

Summary

The ‘deep sea’ encompasses a broad range of habitats that differ greatly in their assemblages and ecosystem functioning. Habitats may be described by a combination of environmental factors (e.g., depth, slope) and biotic factors (e.g., source of primary productivity). We review recent attempts to define deep-sea biogeographic provinces based on spatial and temporal variations in oceanographic conditions, and consider potential boundaries to distributional ranges, in particular habitats based on recent phylogeographic studies. We briefly discuss abiotic interactions in various habitats, noting the particular influence of local hydrodynamics. We consider competition and predation at whale falls and hydrothermal vents, discuss symbiotic interactions particularly with respect to deep-sea corals, which are particularly prevalent in submarine canyons and seamounts, and consider the difficulties of inferring processes from patterns.

Keywords

submarine canyons seamounts abyssal plain hydrothermal vents whale falls predation competition symbioses biogeography

Type: Chapter
Information: Interactions in the Marine Benthos
Global Patterns and Processes
, pp. 474 - 487

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108235792.020 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrams, P. A. (1995). Monotonic or unimodal diversity–productivity gradients: what does competition theory predict? Ecology, 76, 2019–27.Google Scholar

Adler, P. B., Seabloom, E. W., Borer, E. T. et al. (2011). Productivity is a poor predictor of plant species richness. Science, 333, 1750–3.Google Scholar

Allen, J. A. and Sanders, H. L. (1996). The zoogeography, diversity and origin of the deep–sea protobranch bivalves of the Atlantic: the epilogue. Progress in Oceanography, 38, 95–153.Google Scholar

Bachraty, C., Legendre, P. and Desbruyeres, D. (2009). Biogeographical relationships among deep–sea hydrothermal vent faunas at global scale. Deep-Sea Research Part I – Oceanographic Research Papers, 56, 1371–8.Google Scholar

Baco, A. R. and Cairnes, S. D. (2012). Comparing molecular variation to morphological species designations in the deep–sea coral Narella reveals new insights into seamount coral ranges. PLoS ONE, 7, e45555.Google Scholar

Baeza, J. A. (2011). Squat Lobsters as Symbionts and in Chemo-Autotrophic Environments. In The Biology Of Squat Lobsters. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 249–70.Google Scholar

Barry, J. P., Taylor, J. R., Kuhnz, L. A. and De Vogelaere, A. P. (2017). Symbiosis between the holothurian Scotoplanes sp. A and the lithodid crab Neolithodes diomedeae on a featureless bathyal sediment plain. Marine Ecology, 38, e12396.Google Scholar

Beaulieu, S. E. (2001). Life on glass houses: sponge stalk communities in the deep sea. Marine Biology, 138, 803–17.Google Scholar

Belyaev, G. M. (1989). Deep Sea Ocean Trenches and Their Fauna. Nauka, Moscow.Google Scholar

Blazewicz-Paszkowycz, M., Pabis, K. and Jozwiak, P. (2015). Tanaidacean fauna of the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench and adjacent abyssal plain – abundance, diversity and rare species. Deep-Sea Research Part II – Topical Studies in Oceanography, 111 (SI), 325–32.Google Scholar

Braby, C. E., Pearse, V. B., Baine, B. A. and Vrijenhoek, R. C. (2009). Pycnogonid–cnidarian trophic interactions in the deep Monterey Submarine Canyon. Invertebrate Biology, 128, 359–63.Google Scholar

Brasier, M. J., Wiklund, H., Neal, L. et al. (2017). DNA barcoding uncovers cryptic diversity in 50% of deep-sea Antarctic polychaetes. Royal Society Open Science, 3, 160432.Google Scholar

Brown, J. H. (1981). Two decades of homage to Santa Rosalia: toward a general theory of diversity. American Zoologist, 21, 877–88.Google Scholar

Buhl-Mortensen, L. and Buhl-Mortensen, P. (2004). The Distribution and Diversity of Species Associated with Deep Sea Gorgonian Corals off the Atlantic Canada. In Freiwald, A. and Murray, R. J., eds. Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems. Springer, Berlin, pp. 849–79.Google Scholar

Buhl-Mortensen, L., Vanreusel, A., Gooday, A. J. et al. (2010). Biological structures as a source of habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity on the deep ocean margins. Marine Ecology, 31, 21–50.Google Scholar

Carney, R. S. (2005). Zonation of deep biota on continental margins. Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, 43, 211–78.Google Scholar

Carreiro-Silva, M., Braga-Henriques, A., Sampaio, I., de Matos, V., Porteiro, F. M. and Ocaña, O. (2011). Isozoanthus primnoidus, a new species of zoanthid (Cnidaria: Zoantharia) associated with the gorgonian Callogorgia verticillata (Cnidaria: Alcyonacea). ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68, 408–15.Google Scholar

Clark, M. R., Rowden, A. A., Schlacher, T. et al. (2010). The ecology of seamounts: structure, function, and human impacts. Annual Review of Marine Science, 2, 253–78.Google Scholar

Clark, M. R., Schlacher, T. A., Rowden, A. A., Stocks, K. I. and Consalvey, M. (2012). Science priorities for seamounts: research links to conservation and management. PLoS ONE, 7, e29232.Google Scholar

Constantini, F., Rossi, S., Pintus, E., Cerrano, C., Gili, J.-M. and Abbiati, M. (2011). Low connectivity and declining genetic variability along a depth gradient in Corallium rubrum populations. Coral Reefs, 30, 991–1003.Google Scholar

Coykendall, D. K., Johnson, S. B., Karl, S. A., Lutz, R. A. and Vrijenhoek, R. C. (2011). Genetic diversity and demographic instability in Riftia pachyptila tubeworms from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11, 96.Google Scholar

Cuvelier, D., Sarrazin, J., Colaco, A. et al. (2011). Community dynamics over 14 years at the Eiffel Tower hydrothermal edifice on the mid-Atlantic ridge. Limnology and Oceanography, 56, 1624–40.Google Scholar

Dahl, M. P., Pereyra, R. T., Lundälv, T. and André, C. (2012). Fine-scale spatial genetic structure and clonal distribution of the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa. Coral Reefs, 31, 1135–48.Google Scholar

Debenham, N. J., Lambshead, P. J. D., Ferrero, T. J. and Smith, C. R. (2004). The impact of whale falls on nematode abundance in the deep sea. Deep–Sea Research Part I–Oceanographic Research Papers, 51, 701–6.Google Scholar

de Buron, I. and Morand, S. (2004). Deep-sea hydrothermal vent parasites: why do we not find more? Parasitology, 128, 1–6.Google Scholar

Domack, E., Ishman, S., Leventer, A., Sylva, S., Willmott, V. and Huber, B. (2005). A chemotrophic ecosystem found beneath Antarctic Ice Shelf. EOS Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 86, 269–76.Google Scholar

Ebbe, B., Billett, D., Brandt, A. et al. (2010). Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life. In Life in the World’s Oceans: Diversity, Distribution and Abudnance. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp. 139–60.Google Scholar

Eckelbarger, K. J., Watling, L. and Fournier, H. (2005). Reproductive biology of the deep–sea polychaete Gorgoniapolynoe caeciliae (Polynoidae), a commensal species associated with octocorals. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 85, 1425–33.Google Scholar

Elliott, J., Patterson, M., Summers, N., Miternique, C., Montocchio, E. and Vitry, E. (2016). How does the proliferation of the coral–killing sponge Terpios hoshinota affect benthic community structure on coral reefs? Coral Reefs 35, 1083–95.Google Scholar

Etter, R. J. and Grassle, J. F. (1992). Patterns of species diversity in the deep sea as a function of sediment particle size diversity. Nature, 360, 576–8.Google Scholar

Fernandez-Arcaya, U., Ramirez–Llodra, E., Aguzzi, J. et al. (2017). Ecological role of submarine canyons and need for canyon conservation: a review. Frontiers in Marine Science, 4, 5.Google Scholar

Fujii, T., Kilgallen, N. M., Rowden, A. A. and Jamieson, A. J. (2013). Deep-sea amphipod community structure across abyssal to hadal depths in the Peru–Chile and Kermadec trenches. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 492, 125–38.Google Scholar

Genin, A. and Dower, J. F. (2007). Seamount Plankton Dynamics. In Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, Blackwell Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series, vol. 12. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp. 86–100.Google Scholar

Girard, F., Fu, B. and Fisher, C. R. (2016). Mutualistic symbiosis with ophiuroids limited the impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on deep–sea octocorals. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 549, 89–98.Google Scholar

Glynn, P. W. (1980). Defense by symbiotic Crustacea of host corals elicited by chemical cues from predator. Oecologia, 47, 287–90.Google Scholar

Govenar, B., Fisher, C. R. and Shank, T. M. (2015). Variation in the diets of hydrothermal vent gastropods. Deep-Sea Research Part II–Topical Studies in Oceanography, 121, 193–201.Google Scholar

Grace, J. B., Anderson, T. M., Seabloom, E. W. et al. (2016). Integrative modelling reveals mechanisms linking productivity and plant species richness. Nature, 529, 390–93.Google Scholar

Herrera, S., Shank, T. M. and Sanchez, J. (2012). Spatial and temporal patterns of genetic variation in the widespread antitropical deep-sea coral Paragorgia arborea. Molecular Ecology, 21, 6053–67.Google Scholar

Hessler, R. R. and Sanders, H. (1967). Faunal diversity in the deep-sea. Deep-Sea Research, 14, 65–78.Google Scholar

Hutchinson, G. E. (1961). The paradox of the plankton. The American Naturalist, 95, 137–45.Google Scholar

Iken, K., Brey, T., Wand, U., Voigt, J. and Junghans, P. (2001). Food web structure of the benthic community at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (NE Atlantic): a stable isotope analysis. Progress in Oceanography, 50, 383–405.Google Scholar

Jang, S–K., Park, E., Lee, W.–K., Johnson, S. B., Vrijenhoek, R. C. and Won, Y.–J. (2016). Population subdivision of hydrothermal vent polychaete Alvinella pompejana across equatorial and Easter Microplate boundaries. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 16, 235.Google Scholar

Jennings, R. M., Etter, R. J. and Ficarra, L. (2013). Population differentiation and species formation in the deep sea: the potential role of environmental gradients and depth. PLoS ONE, 8, e77594.Google Scholar

Johnson, M. P., White, M., Wilson, A. et al. (2013a). A vertical wall dominated by Acesta excavata and Neopycnodonte zibrowii, part of an undersampled group of deep–sea habitats. PLoS ONE, 8, e79917.Google Scholar

Johnson, S. B., Won, Y.–J., Harvey, J. B. and Vrijenhoek, R. C. (2013b). A hybrid zone between Bathymodiolus mussel lineages from eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13, 21.Google Scholar

Kemp, K. M., Jamieson, A. J., Bagley, P. M. et al. (2006). Consumption of large bathyal food fall, a six month study in the NE Atlantic. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 310, 65–76.Google Scholar

Kim, S. and Hammerstrom, K. (2012). Hydrothermal vent community zonation along environmental gradients at the Lau back–arc spreading center. Deep–Sea Research Part I–Oceanographic Research Papers, 62, 10–19.Google Scholar

Klaucke, I., Shaling, H., Weinrebe, W. et al. (2006). Acoustic investigation of cold seeps offshore Georgia, eastern Black Sea. Marine Geology, 231, 51–67.Google Scholar

Kutti, T., Bergstad, O. A., Fossa, J. H. and Helle, K. (2014). Cold–water coral mounds and sponge–beds as habitats for demersal fish on the Norwegian shelf. Deep–Sea Research Part II–Topical Studies in Oceanography, 99, 122–33.Google Scholar

Lacey, N. C., Rowden, A. A., Clark, M. R. et al. (2016). Community structure and diversity of scavenging amphipods from bathyal to hadal depths in three South Pacific Trenches. Deep-Sea Research Part I – Oceanographic Research Papers, 111, 121–37.Google Scholar

Le Guilloux, E., Hall–Spencer, J. M., Söffker, M. K. and Olu, K. (2010). Association between the squat lobster Gastroptychus formosus and the cold–water corals in the North Atlantic. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 96, 1363–9.Google Scholar

Lenihan, H. S., Mills, S. W., Mullineaux, L. S., Peterson, C. H., Fisher, C. R. and Micheli, F. (2008). Biotic interactions at hydrothermal vents: recruitment inhibition by the mussel Bathymodiolus thermophiles. Deep-Sea Research Part I – Oceanographic Research Papers, 55, 1707–17.Google Scholar

Levesque, C., Juniper, S. K. and Marcus, J. (2003). Food resource partitioning and competition among alvinellid polychaetes of Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal vents. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 246, 173–82.Google Scholar

Levin, L. A. and Dayton, P. K. (2009). Ecological theory and continental margins: where shallow meets deep. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 24, 606–17.Google Scholar

Levin, L. A., Etter, R. J., Rex, M. A. et al. (2001). Environmental influences on regional deep-sea species diversity. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 32, 51–93.Google Scholar

Linley, T. D., Gerringer, M. E., Yancey, P. H., Drazen, J. C., Weinstock, C. L. and Jamieson, A. J. (2016). Fishes of the hadal zone including new species, in situ observations and depth records of Liparidae. Deep-Sea Research Part I – Oceanographic Research Papers, 114, 99–110.Google Scholar

Linley, T. D., Stewart, A. L., McMillan, P. J. et al. (2017). Bait attending fishes of the abyssal zone and hadal boundary: community structure, functional groups and species distribution in the Kermadec, New Hebrides and Mariana trenches. Deep-Sea Research Part I – Oceanographic Research Papers, 121, 38–53.Google Scholar

Lutz, M. J., Caldeira, K., Dunbar, R. B. and Behrenfeld, M. J. (2007). Seasonal rhythms of net primary production and particulate organic carbon flux to depth describe the efficiency of biological pump in the global ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research, 112, C10011.Google Scholar

Marsh, L., Copley, J. T., Huvenne, V. A. I. et al. (2012). Microdistribution of faunal assemblages at deep–Sea hydrothermal vents in the Southern Ocean. PLoS ONE, 7, e48348.Google Scholar

Mateos, M., Hurtado, L. A., Santamaria, C. A., Leignel, V. and Guinot, D. (2012). Molecular systematics of the deep–sea hydrothermal vent endemic Brachyuran family Bythograeidae: a comparison of three Bayesian species tree methods. PLoS ONE, 7, e32066.Google Scholar

McClain, C. R. and Rex, M. A. (2015). Toward a conceptual understanding of biodiversity in the deep–sea benthos. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 46, 623–42.Google Scholar

McClain, C. R. and Schlacher, T. A. (2015). On some hypotheses of diversity of animal life at great depths on the sea floor Marine Ecology, 36, 849–72.Google Scholar

Micheli, F., Peterson, C. H., Mullineaux, L. S. et al. (2002). Predation structures communities at deep–sea hydrothermal vents. Ecological Monographs, 72, 365–82.Google Scholar

Miller, K., Williams, A., Rowden, A. A., Knowles, C. and Dunshea, G. (2010). Conflicting estimates of connectivity among deep-sea coral populations. Marine Ecology, 31(Suppl. 1), 144–57.Google Scholar

Molodstova, T. N. and Budaeva, N. (2007). Modifications of the corallum morphology in black corals as an effect of associated fauna. Bulletin of Marine Science, 81, 469–79.Google Scholar

Moore, K. M., Alderslade, P. and Miller, K. J. (2016). A taxonomic revision of the genus Primnoisis Studer [&Wright], 1887 (Coelenterata: Octocorallia: Isididae) using morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 4075, 1–141.Google Scholar

Moore, K. M., Alderslade, P. and Miller, K. J. (2017). A taxonomic revision of Anthothela (Octocorallia: Scleraxonia: Anthothelidae) and related genera, with the addition of new taxa, using morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 4304, 1–212.Google Scholar

Morisson, C. L., Baco, A. R., Nizinski, M. S. et al. (2017). Population Connectivity of Deep-Sea Corals. In The State of Deep-Sea Coral and Sponge Ecosystems of the United States, NOAA Technical Memorandum. NOOA, Silver Spring, MD, pp. 379–407.Google Scholar

Morrison, C. L., Ross, S. W., Nizinski, M. S. et al. (2011). Genetic discontinuity among regional populations of Lophelia pertusa in the North Atlantic Ocean. Conservation Genetics, 12, 713–29.Google Scholar

Mosher, C. V. and Watling, L. (2009). Partners for life: a brittle star and its octocoral host. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 397, 81–8.Google Scholar

Olu, K., Cordes, E. E., Fisher, C. R., Brooks, J. M., Sibuet, M. and Desbruyères, D. (2010). Biogeography and potential exchanges among the Atlantic equatorial belt cold–seep faunas. PLoS ONE, 5, e11967.Google Scholar

Oppelt, A., Matthias Lopez, C. and Rocha, C. (2017). Biogeochemical analysis of the calcification patterns of cold-water corals Madrepora oculata and Lophelia pertusa along contact surfaces with calcified tubes of the symbiotic polychaete Eunice norvegica: evaluation of a ‘mucus’ calcification hypothesis. Deep-Sea Research Part I – Oceanographic Research Papers, 127, 90–104.Google Scholar

Pettibone, M. H. (1986). A new scale–worm commensal with deep–sea mussels in the seep–sites at the Florida escarpment in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (Polychaeta, Polynoidae, Branchipolynoinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 99, 444–51.Google Scholar

Pham, C. K., Vandeperre, F., Menezes, G., Porteiro, F., Isidro, E. and Morato, T. (2015). The importance of deep–sea vulnerable marine ecosystems for demersal fish in the Azores. Deep-Sea Research Part I – Oceanographic Research Papers, 96, 80–8.Google Scholar

Quattrini, A. M., Baums, I. B., Shank, T. M., Morrison, C. L. and Cordes, E. E. (2015a). Testing the depth-differentiation hypothesis in a deepwater octocoral. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 282, 20150008.Google Scholar

Quattrini, A. M., Nizinski, M. S., Chaytor, J. D. et al. (2015b). Exploration of the canyon–incised continental margin of the northeastern United States reveals dynamic habitats and diverse communities. PLoS ONE, 10, e0139904.Google Scholar

Ramirez-Llodra, E., Shank, T. M. and German, C. R. (2007). Biodiversity and Biogeography of hydrothermal vent species. Oceanography, 20, 30–41.Google Scholar

Rex, M. A. (1981). Community structure in the deep–sea benthos. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 12, 331–53.Google Scholar

Rex, M. A. and Etter, R. J. (2010). Deep Sea Biodiversity: Pattern and Scale. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar

Rowden, A. A., Dower, J. F., Schlacher, T. A., Consalvey, M. and Clark, M. R. (2010). Paradigms in seamount ecology: fact, fiction, and future. Marine Ecology, 31 (Suppl. 1), 226–39.Google Scholar

Sanders, H. L. (1968). Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study. The American Naturalist, 102, 243–82.Google Scholar

Sanders, H. L. and Hessler, R. R. (1969). Ecology of the deep-sea benthos. Science, 163, 1419–24.Google Scholar

Saucier, E. H., Sajjadi, A. and France, S. C. (2017). A taxonomic review of the genus Acanella (Cnidaria: Octocorallia: Isididae) in the North Atlantic Ocean, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa, 4323, 359–90.Google Scholar

Schüller, M. (2011). Evidence for a role of bathymetry and emergence in speciation in the genus Glycera (Glyceridae, Polychaeta) from the deep Eastern Weddell Sea. Polar Biology, 34, 549–64.Google Scholar

Shank, T. M. and Halanych, K. M. (2007). Toward a mechanistic understanding of larval dispersal: insights from genomic fingerprinting of the deep–sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. Marine Ecology, 28, 25–35.Google Scholar

Smith, C. R., Adrian, G. G., Treude, T., Higgs, N. D. and Amon, D. J. (2015). Whale–fall Ecosystems: recent insights into ecology, paleoecology, and evolution. Annual Reviews in Marine Science, 7, 571–96.Google Scholar

Soler-Hurtado, M. M., Lopez–Gonzalez, P. J. and Machordom, A. (2017). Molecular phylogenetic relationships reveal contrasting evolutionary patterns in Gorgoniidae (Octocorallia) in the Eastern Pacific. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 111, 219–30.Google Scholar

Stocks, K. I. and Hart, P. J. B. (2007). Biogeography and Biodiversity of Seamounts. In Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, Blackwell Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series, vol. 12. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp. 255–81.Google Scholar

Strugnell, J. M., Allcock, A. L. and Watts, P. C. (2017). Closely related octopus species show different spatial genetic structures in response to the Antarctic seascape. Ecology and Evolution, 7, 8087–99.Google Scholar

Stuart, C. T., and Rex, M. A. (2009). Bathymetric patterns of deep–sea gastropod species diversity in 10 basins of the Atlantic Ocean and Norwegian Sea. Marine Ecology, 30, 164–80.Google Scholar

Sumida, P. Y. G., Tyler, P. A., Lampitt, R. S. and Gage, J. D. (2000). Reproduction, dispersal and settlement of the bathyal ophiuroid Ophiocten gracilis in the NE Atlantic Ocean. Marine Biology, 137, 623–30.Google Scholar

Taylor, J., Krumpen, T., Soltwedel, T., Gutt, J. and Bergmann, M. (2017). Dynamic benthic megafaunal communities: assessing temporal variations in structure, composition and diversity at the Arctic deep-sea observatory HAUSGARTEN between 2004 and 2015. Deep-Sea Research Part I – Oceanographic Research Papers, 122, 81–94.Google Scholar

Taylor, M. L. and Roterman, C. N. (2017). Invertebrate population genetics across Earth’s largest habitat: the deep-sea floor. Molecular Ecology, 26, 4872–96.Google Scholar

Thiem, Ø., Ravagnan, E., Fosså, J. H. and Berntsen, J. (2006). Food supply mechanisms for cold–water corals along a continental shelf edge. Journal of Marine Systems, 60, 207–19.Google Scholar

Tyler, P. A., German, C. R., Ramirez–Llodra, E. and Van Dover, C. (2003). Understanding the biogeography of chemosynthetic ecosystems. Oceanologica Acta, 25, 227–41.Google Scholar

Tyler, P. A. and Young, C. M. Y. (2003). Dispersal at hydrothermal vents: a summary of recent progress. Hydrobiologia, 503, 9–19.Google Scholar

Van Dover, C. L., German, C. R., Speer, K. G., Parson, L. M. and Vrijenhoek, R. C. (2002). Evolution and biogeography of deep-sea vent and seep invertebrates. Science, 295, 1253–7.Google Scholar

Wagner, D., Luck, D. G. and Toonen, R. J. (2012). The biology and ecology of black corals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia: Antipatharia). Advances in Marine Biology, 63, 67–132.Google Scholar

Watling, L. (2009). Biogeographic provinces in the Atlantic deep sea determined from cumacean distribution patterns. Deep-Sea Research Part II – Topical Studies in Oceanography, 56, 1747–53.Google Scholar

Watling, L., France, S. C., Pante, E. and Simpson, A. (2011). Biology of deep–water octocorals. Advances in Marine Biology, 60 , 41–122.Google Scholar

Watling, L., Guinotte, J., Clark, M. R. and Smith, C. R. (2013). A proposed biogeography of the deep ocean floor. Progress in Oceanography, 111, 91–112.Google Scholar

White, M., Bashmachnikov, I., Arístegui, J. and Martins, A. (2007). Physical Processes and Seamount Productivity. In Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, Blackwell Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series, vol. 12. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp. 65–84.Google Scholar

Wienberg, C., Beuck, L., Heidkamp, S. et al. (2008). Franken Mound: Facies and biocoenoses on a newly-discovered “carbonate mound” on the western Rockall Bank, NE Atlantic. Facies, 54, 1–24.Google Scholar

Wilson, A. M., Raine, R., Mohn, C. and White, M. (2015). Nepheloid layer distribution in the Whittard Canyon, NE Atlantic Margin. Marine Geology, 367, 130–42.Google Scholar

Wirtz, P. and d’Udekem d’Acoz, C. (2001). Decapoda from Antipatharia, Gorgonia and Bivalvia at the Cape Verde Islands. Helgoland Marine Research, 55, 112–5.Google Scholar

Witman, J. D., Genovese, S. J., Bruno, J. F., McLaughlin, J. W. and Pavlin, B. I. (2003). Massive prey recruitment and the control of rocky subtidal communities on large spatial scales. Ecological Monographs, 73, 441–62.Google Scholar

Wolff, T. (1970). The concept of the hadal or ultra–abyssal fauna. Deep-Sea Research, 17, 983–1003.Google Scholar

Yeh, J. and Drazen, J. C. (2009). Depth zonation and bathymetric trends of deep-sea megafaunal scavengers of the Hawaiian Islands. Deep-Sea Research I – Oceanographic Research Papers, 56, 251–66.Google Scholar

Zhang, H., Johnson, S. B., Flores, V. R. and Vrijenhoek, R. C. (2015). Intergradation between discrete lineages of Tevnia jerichonana, a deep-sea hydrothermal vent tubeworm. Deep-Sea Research Part II – Topical Studies in Oceanography, 121, 53–61.Google Scholar

Book contents

Chapter 19 - Interactions in the Deep Sea

Summary

Keywords

Access options

References

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive