Abdul Nasser, Gamal. 1955. “Egypt’s Liberation: The Philosophy of the Revolution.” Presented at the Public Affairs Press. Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Abraham, William Emmanuel. 1965. “The Role of the Press in the Transition to Socialism.” In The African Journalist, ed. Sulemana-Sibidow, W. M.. Winneba, Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute, 43–51.Google Scholar

Abubakar, Abdulmutallib Ado, and Dauda, Sharafa. 2016. “Cross-Fertilization or Monolithic Journalism: Which Approach to Post-Century Journalism Training in Nigeria.” In Taking Stock: Nigerian Media and National Challenges, ed. Esan, O.. Ontario, Canada: Association of Communication Scholars and Professionals of Nigeria (ACSPN).Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James. 2010. “Why Is Africa Poor?” Economic History of Developing Regions 25(1): 21–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James. 2012. Why Nations Fail. New York: Crown Publishing Group.Google Scholar

Adesanmi, Pius. 2012. You’re Not a Country, Africa: A Personal History of the African Present. Cape Town, South Africa: Penguin Random House.Google Scholar

Ainslie, Rosalynde. 1966. The Press in Africa. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd.Google Scholar

Albaugh, Ericka. 2016. Language, Education, and Citizenship in Africa. East Lansing, MI: AfroBarometer. Working paper.Google Scholar

Alemika, Etannibi. 2007. Quality of Elections, Satisfaction with Democracy and Political Trust in Africa. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.Google Scholar

Alexander, Jeffrey C. 2004. “Toward a Theory of Cultural Trauma.” In Cultural Trauma and Collective Identity, eds. Alexander, Jeffrey et al. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1–30.Google Scholar

Alhassan, Amin. 2005. “Market Valorization in Broadcasting Policy in Ghana: Abandoning the Quest for Media Democratization.” Media, Culture & Society 27(2): 211–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allen, Tim, and Seaton, Jean. 1999. “Introduction.” In The Media of Conflict: War Reporting and Representations of Ethnic Violence, eds. Allen, Tim and Seaton, Jean. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1–9.Google Scholar

Alozie, Emmanuel. 2005. “Sudan and South Africa: A Framing Analysis of Mail and Guardian Online’s Coverage of Darfur.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 26(1): 63–84.Google Scholar

Alozie, Emmanuel. 2007. “What Did They Say? African Media Coverage of the First 100 Days of the Rwanda Crisis.” In The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, ed. Thompson, Allan. New York: Pluto Press, 211–30.Google Scholar

Alozie, Emmanuel. 2005. “Sudan and South Africa: A Framing Analysis of Mail and Guardian Online’s Coverage of Darfur.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 26(1): 63–84.Google Scholar

Alozie, Emmanuel. 2010. “Voices in the Hills of Rwanda: African Press Accountability of the 1994 Pogrom.” International Communication Gazette 72(7): 589–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amin, Samir. 1975. “What Education for What Development?” Prospects 5(1): 48–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ANC. 2007. “Report of the Commission on the Communications and the Batter of Ideas.” In 52nd National Conference of the African National Congress. Polokwane, South Africa: ANC.Google Scholar

Anon. 1919. “Retirement of Sir Frederick Lugard.” The Lagos Weekly Record.Google Scholar

Ansu-Kyeremeh, Kwasi. 1998. Perspective on Indigenous Communication in Africa. Accra, Ghana: University of Ghana.Google Scholar

Ansu-Kyeremeh, Kwasi. 2005. Indigenous Communications in Africa: Concept, Application, and Prospects. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Universities Press.Google Scholar

Arsenault, Amelia, Hong, Sun-ha, and Price, Monroe. 2017. “Strategic Narratives of the Arab Spring and After.” In Forging the World: Strategic Narratives and International Relations, eds. Miskimmon, Alister, O’Loughlin, Ben, and Roselle, Laura. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 190–217.Google Scholar

Asad, Talal. 2007. On Suicide Bombing. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Asare, J. K. 1964. “Wired Broadcasting Service in Ghana.” Accra, Ghana: Ministry of Information and Broadcasting.Google Scholar

Atkinson, Philippa. 1999a. “Deconstructing Media Mythologies of Ethnic War in Liberia.” In The Media of Conflict: War Reporting and Representations of Ethnic Violence, eds. Allen, Tim and Seaton, Jean. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 192–218.Google Scholar

Atkinson, Philippa. 1999b. “Representations of Conflict in the Western Media: The Manufacture of a Barbaric Periphery.” In Culture and Global Change, eds. Skelton, Tracy and Allen, Tim. London: Routledge, 102–8.Google Scholar

Ba, Oumar. 2022. “‘The Europeans and Americans Don’t Know Africa’: Of Translation, Interpretation, and Extraction.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 50(2): 548–60.Google Scholar

Banda, Fackson et al. 2007. “Contextualising Journalism Education and Training in Southern Africa.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 28(1–2): 156–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banda, Fackson 2008. “African Political Thought as an Epistemic Framework for Understanding African Media.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 29(1): 79–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartlett, Anne L. 2008. “Insurgent Politics: London, the Darfur Crisis and the New Landscape of Transnational Political Action.” PhD. The University of Chicago. www.proquest.com/docview/304407000/abstract/9A0E491018DF4F62PQ/1 (March 3, 2022).Google Scholar

Barton, Frank, ed. 1972. The African Newsroom: IPI Manual on Techniques of Reporting, News-Editing, Sub-Editing, Photo-Editing, and Feature Writing. Zurich: International Press Institute.Google Scholar

Beardsley, Brent. 2010. “Lessons Learned or Not Learned from the Rwanda Genocide.” In The World and Darfur: International Response to Crimes Against Humanity in Western Sudan, ed. Grzyb, Amanda. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 41–60.Google Scholar

Beaudoin, Christopher, and Thorson, Esther. 2002. “Spiral of Violence? Conflict and Conflict Resolution in International News.” In Media and Conflict: Framing Issues, Making Policy, Shaping Opinions, ed. Gilboa, Eytan. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 45–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beaumont, Peter. 2004. “US ‘hyping’ Darfur Genocide Fears.” The Mail & Guardian. https://mg.co.za/article/2004-10-03-us-hyping-darfur-genocide-fears/ (April 12, 2022).Google Scholar

Becker, Howard S. 1967. “Whose Side Are We On?” Social Problems 14(3): 239–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beckett, Katherine. 1996. “Culture and the Politics of Signification: The Case of Child Sexual Abuse.” Social Problems 43(1): 57–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

de Beer, Arnold S. 2010. “(Mass) Communication Research: Building Bridges, Burning Fences.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 25(2): 362–72.Google Scholar

Benson, Rodney. 1999. “Field Theory in Comparative Context: A New Paradigm for Media Studies.” Theory and Society 28: 463–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benson, Rodney. 2013. Shaping Immigration News: A French-American Comparison. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, Guy. 2002. “Theorizing the Media: Democracy Relationship in Southern Africa.” Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 64(1): 21–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, Guy. 2010. “Image Revisions: South Africa, Africa, and the 2010 World Cup.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 31(2): 174–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berger, Peter, and Luckmann, Thomas. 1966. The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. New York, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar

Bhabha, Homi K. 1994. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bielsa, Esperança. 2008. “The Pivotal Role of News Agencies in the Context of Globalization: A Historical Approach.” Global Networks 8(3): 347–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biney, Ama. 2011. The Political and Social Thought of Kwame Nkrumah. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bond, Catherine. 2019. “Listening Carefully, Looking Harder: The Role of Language in Media Coverage during the Rwandan Genocide, 1994.” In Media and Mass Atrocity: The Rwanda Genocide and Beyond, eds. Thompson, Allan. Waterloo, ON Canada: Centre for International Governance and Innovation, 53–74.Google Scholar

Bouka, Yolande. 2015. “Researcher Positionality.” Conflict Field Research. http://conflictfieldresearch.colgate.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Bouka_WorkingPaper-May2015.pdf.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1958. Sociologue de l’Algérie [The Algerians]. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1993. The Field of Cultural Production: Essays on Art and Literature. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1996a. The Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure in the Literary Field. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1996b. The State Nobility. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1996c. “Understanding.” Theory, Culture & Society 13(2): 17–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1999. On Television. New York: New Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 2004. Science of Science and Reflexivity. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 2005. “The Political Field, the Social Science Field, and the Journalistic Field.” In Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, eds. Benson, Rodney and Neveu, Erik. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 30–47.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 2013. Outline of a Theory of Practice. 28th ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre, and Wacquant, Loïc J. D.. 1999. “On the Cunning of Imperialist Reason.” Theory, Culture and Society 16(1): 41–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourgault, Louise. 1995. Mass Media in Sub-Saharan Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Boyd-Barrett, Oliver, and Rantanen, Terhi, eds. 1998. The Globalization of News. London, UK: Thousand Oaks.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bratton, Michael, Bhavnani, Ravi, and Chen, Tse-Hsin. 2011. “Voting Intentions in Africa: Ethnic, Economic or Partisan.” Afrobarometer Working Paper (127). http://kms1.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/ISN/126766/ipublicationdocument_singledocument/f4b39a22-2f70-47d0-b03d-5c1e2fa69ae1/en/AfropaperNo127.pdf (December 6, 2013).Google Scholar

Breit, Rhonda. 2018. “Case-Based Education: A Strategy for Contextualising Journalism Curriculum in East Africa.” Journalism 21(12): 1985–2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, Hayes. 2013. “The Inside Story of How the U.S. Acted To Prevent Another Rwanda.” Think Progress. https://archive.thinkprogress.org/the-inside-story-of-how-the-u-s-acted-to-prevent-another-rwanda-e91beac73aca/ (July 1, 2022).Google Scholar

Buchholz, Larissa. 2016. “What Is a Global Field? Theorizing Fields beyond the Nation-State.” In Fielding Transnationalism, The Sociological Review Monographs, eds. Go, Julian and Krause, Monika. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 31–60.Google Scholar

Buckley-Zistel, Susanne. 2006. “Remembering to Forget: Chosen Amnesia as a Strategy for Local Coexistence in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” Africa 76(02): 131–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bunce, Melanie. 2010. “‘This Place Used to Be a White British Boys’ Club’: Reporting Dynamics and Cultural Clash at an International News Bureau in Nairobi.” The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 99(410): 515–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bunce, Melanie. 2011. “The New Foreign Correspondent at Work: Local-National ‘Stringers’ and the Global News Coverage of Conflict in Darfur.” Reuters Report: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism: 1–36.Google Scholar

Bunce, Melanie, Franks, Suzanne, and Paterson, Chris. 2016. Africa’s Media Image in the 21st Century: From the “Heart of Darkness” to “Africa Rising.” London: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burnet, Jennie E. 2012. Genocide Lives in Us: Women, Memory and Silence in Rwanda. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar

Chambers, Brooke, and Wahutu, J Siguru. 2024. “African Media Portrayals of the 1994 Genocide Against the Tutsi.” International Journal of Communication.Google Scholar

Charo, T., and Makali, David. 1998. “New Media and the Hate Campaign: Ethnic Conflict Brings out the Best of Hate Journalism.” Expression Today 4: 1.Google Scholar

Cheruiyot, David, Wahutu, j. Siguru, Mare, Admire, Ogola, George, and Mabweazara, Hayes. 2022. “Making News Outside Legacy Media: Peripheral Actors within an African Communication Ecology.” African Journalism Studies 42(4): 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chossudovsky, Michel. 1996. “Economic Genocide in Rwanda.” Economic and Political Weekly 31(15): 938–41.Google Scholar

Chuma, Wallace. 2018. “Journalism, Politics, and Professionalism in Zimbabwe.” In Newsmaking Cultures in Africa, ed. Mabweazara, Hayes Mawindi. London: Palgrave Macmillan, UK, 251–67. http://link.springer.com/10.1057/978-1-137-54109-3_12 (May 21, 2021).Google Scholar

Clooney, George. “United Nations Security Council Address on Darfur,” delivered Sept. 14, 2006, New York City, www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/georgeclooenyunitednations.htm (accessed August 11 2022)Google Scholar

Cohen, David William, and Atieno Odhiambo, E. S.. 1992. Burying SM: The Politics of Knowledge and the Sociology of Power in Africa. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.Google Scholar

Cohen, Meghan Sobel, and Hopkinson, Karen McIntyre. 2023. Press Freedom and the (Crooked) Path toward Democracy: Lessons from Journalists in East Africa. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohen, Stanley. 2001. States of Denial: Knowing About Atrocities and Suffering. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar

Coleman, Renita et al. 2016. “Why Be a Journalist? US Students’ Motivations and Role Conceptions in the New Age of Journalism.” Journalism 19(6): 1–20.Google Scholar

Collins, Patricia H. 1990. Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Boston, MA: Unwin Hyman.Google Scholar

Connell, Raewyn. 2007. Southern Theory. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Cook, Timothy E. 1998. Governing with the News: The News Media as a Political Institution. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Cordell, Dennis. 1955. “Missionaries’ Annual Letters.”Google Scholar

Correspondent. 1951. Njata Ya Kirinyaga.Google Scholar

Correspondent. 2004. “Sudan Accused of ‘Ethnic Cleansing.’” The East African: 33.Google Scholar

Cottle, Simon. 2007. “Ethnography and News Production: New(s) Developments in the Field.” Sociology Compass 1(1): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dauphinee, Elizabeth. 2015. “Narrative Engagement and the Creative Practices of International Relations.” In Reflexivity and International Relations: Positionality, Critique, and Practice, eds. Amoureux, Jack and Steele, Brent. London and New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 44–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Daystar University. 2016. Catalogue 2017–2021. Nairobi, Kenya: Daystar University.Google Scholar

Deng, Francis Mading. 2006. “Sudan: A Nation in Turbulent Search of Itself.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 603(1): 155–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Di Martino, Luigi. 2020. “Conceptualising Public Diplomacy Listening on Social Media.” Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 16(2): 131–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dimitrova, Daniela, and Strömbäck, Jesper. 2008. “Foreign Policy and the Framing of the 2003 Iraq War in Elite Swedish and US Newspapers.” Media, War and Conflict 1(2): 203–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dixon, David. 1997. “Press Law Debate in Kenya: Ethics as Political Power.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 12(3): 171–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dobbin, Frank. 2008. “Bourdieu and Organizational Analysis.” Theory and Society 37(1): 53–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Domatob, Jerry Komia, and William Hall, Stephen. 1983. “Development Journalism in Black Africa.” Gazette (Leiden, Netherlands) 31(1): 9–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

The East African. 2007. “Complex Conflict With No Solution in Sight.” The East African.Google Scholar

Ebo, Bosah. 1992. “American Media and African Culture.” In Africa’s Media Image, ed. Hawk, Beverly. New York, NY: Praeger, 15–25.Google Scholar

Editorial. 1901. “A Headless Administration.” East Africa and Uganda Mail.Google Scholar

Eichler-Levine, Jodi, and Hicks, Rosemary. 2007. “As Americans Against Genocide: The Crisis in Darfur and Interreligious Political Activism.” American Quarterly 59(3): 711–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Emirbayer, Mustafa, and Victoria, Johnson. 2008. “Bourdieu and Organizational Analysis.” Theory and Society 37(1): 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eze, Chielozona. 2014. “Rethinking African Culture and Identity: The Afropolitan Model.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 26(2): 234–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ezumah, Bellarmine. 2019. “De-Westernizing African Journalism Curriculum Through Glocalization and Hybridization.” Journalism & Mass Communication Educator 74(4): 452–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fair, Jo Ellen. 1994. “‘Black-on-Black’: Race, Space, and News of Africans and African Americans.” A Journal of Opinion 22(1): 35–40.Google Scholar

Fair, Jo Ellen, and Parks, Lisa. 2001. “Africa on Camera: Television News Coverage and Aerial Imaging of Rwandan Refugees.” Africa Today 48(2): 35–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fairclough, Norman. 1992. “Discourse and Text: Linguistic and Intertextual Analysis within Discourse Analysis.” Discourse Society 3(2): 193–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fanon, Frantz. 1967. Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar

Fanon, Frantz. 1968. The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.Google Scholar

Fiedler, Anke, and Frère, Marie-Soleil. 2018. “Press Freedom in the African Great Lakes Region: A Comparative Study of Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of Congo.” In Newsmaking Cultures in Africa: Normative Trends in the Dynamics of Socio-Political & Economic Struggles, ed. Mabweazara, Hayes. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 119–43.Google Scholar

Finlay, Alan. 2020. Mapping Journalism in Training Centres in Sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa: Fojo: Media Institute at Linnaeus University | Wits Journalism Programme.Google Scholar

Fishman, Mark. 1980. Manufacturing the News. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Fishman, Mark. 1981. “Police News: Constructing an Image of Crime.” Urban Life 9(4): 371–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fligstein, Neil. 2001. “Social Skill and the Theory of Fields.” Sociological Theory 19(2): 105–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fligstein, Neil, and McAdam, Doug. 2011. “Toward a General Theory of Strategic Action Fields.” Sociological Theory 29(1): 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fligstein, Neil, and McAdam, Doug. 2012. A Theory of Fields. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flint, Julie. 2007. “Darfur’s Armed Movements.” In War in Darfur and the Search for Peace, ed. De Waal, Alex. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 140–72.Google Scholar

Flint, Julie, and De Waal, Alexander. 2008. Darfur: A New History of a Long War. New York, NY: Zed Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foreign Office. 1961. Reuters in West Africa. UK: National Archives of the UK: Public Record Office.Google Scholar

Fourie, Pieter J. 2011. “Thinking about Journalists’ Thinking (Two)1.” Journal of African Media Studies 3(3): 309–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Franda, Marcus F. 2002. Launching Into Cyberspace: Internet Development and Politics in Five World Regions. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar

Franks, Suzanne. 2013. Reporting Disasters: Famine, Aid, Politics and the Media. London: Hurst Publishers.Google Scholar

Friederici, Nicolas, Wahome, Michel, and Graham, Mark. 2020. Digital Entrepreneurship in Africa: How a Continent Is Escaping Silicon Valley’s Long Shadow. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fujii, Lee Ann. 2010. “Shades of Truth and Lies: Interpreting Testimonies of War and Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 47(2): 231–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gadsden, Fay. 1980. “The African Press in Kenya, 1945–1952.” Journal of African History 21(4): 515–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gamson, William, Croteau, David, Hoynes, William, and Sasson, Theodore. 1989. “Media Images and the Social Construction of Reality.” American Journal of Sociology 95: 1–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gandy, Oscar. 1982. Beyond Agenda Setting. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar

Gans, Herbert J. 2005. Deciding What’s News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. 2nd ed. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar

Gardner, Howard, Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly, and Damon, William. 2005. Good Work: When Excellence and Ethics Meet. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Gessesse, Kibrom Berhane. 2020. “Mismatch between Theory and Practice? Perceptions of Ethiopian Journalists towards Applying Journalism Education in Professional News Production.” African Journalism Studies 41(1): 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Getachew, Adom. 2019. Worldmaking and Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Gikandi, Simon. 2010. “Foreword: On Afropolitanism.” In Negotiating Afropolitanism: Essays on Borders and Spaces in Contemporary African Literature and Folklore, eds. Wawrzinek, Jennifer and Makokha, Justus Kizito S.. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 9–11.Google Scholar

Glaister, Dan. 2007. “Not on Our Watch: How Hollywood Made America Care About Darfur.” The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/world/2007/may/19/film.usa (February 24, 2022).Google Scholar

Go, Julian. 2008. “Global Fields and Imperial Forms: Field Theory and the British and American Empires.” Sociological Theory 26(3): 201–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Go, Julian. 2009. “The ‘New’ Sociology of Empire and Colonialism.” Sociology Compass 3(5): 775–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Go, Julian. 2008. “Global Fields and Imperial Forms: Field Theory and the British and American Empires.” Sociological Theory 26(3): 201–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

>Go, Julian. 2013a. “Decolonizing Bourdieu: Colonial and Postcolonial Theory in Pierre Bourdieu’s Early Work.” Sociological Theory 31(1): 49–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Go, Julian. 2008. “Global Fields and Imperial Forms: Field Theory and the British and American Empires.” Sociological Theory 26(3): 201–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

>Go, Julian. 2013b. “For a Postcolonial Sociology.” Theory and Society 42: 25–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Go, Julian, and Krause, Monika. 2016. “Fielding Transnationalism: An Introduction.” In Fielding Transnationalism, The Sociological Review Monographs, eds. Go, Julian and Krause, Monika. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 6–30.Google Scholar

Griffin, Larry. 2004. “Generations and Collective Memory Revisited: Race, Religion, and Memory of Civil Rights.” American Sociological Review 69: 544–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gruley, Joel, and Duvall, Chris. 2012. “The Evolving Narrative of the Darfur Conflict as Represented in The New York Times and The Washington Post, 2003–2009.” GeoJournal 77: 27–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grzyb, Amanda F. 2009. The World and Darfur: International Response to Crimes Against Humanity in Western Sudan. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen’s Press – MQUP.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grzyb, Amanda F. 2010. “Media Coverage, Activism, and Creating Public Will for Intervention in Rwanda and Darfur.” In The World and Darfur: International Response to Crimes Against Humanity in Western Sudan, ed. Grzyb, Amanda. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 61–94.Google Scholar

Gutiérrez, José Carlos Sendín, and Rubira Garcia, Rainer. 2011. “Assessing the Humanitarian Framing of the Spanish Press Coverage of the Darfur Crisis.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 32(1): 66–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hall, Stuart. 2007. “The Hinterland of Science: Ideology and the Sociology of Knowledge.” In Centre for Comparative Cultural Studies Selected Working Papers, eds. Gray, Ann et al. New York, NY: Routledge, 127–48.Google Scholar

Hall, Stuart et al., eds. 1978. Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State and Law and Order. London, UK: Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hall, Stuart 1993. “Encoding and Decoding in the Television Discourse.” In The Cultural Studies Reader, eds. During, Simon, Hobson, Dorothy, Lowe, Andrew, and Willis, Paul. London: Routledge, 508–17.Google Scholar

Haller, Max, and Hadler, Markus. 2008. “Dispositions to Act in Favor of the Environment: Fatalism and Readiness to Make Sacrifices in a Cross-National Perspective.” Sociological Forum 23(2): 281–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallin, Daniel C. 1989. The Uncensored War: The Media and Vietnam. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Hallin, Daniel C., and Mancini, Paolo. 2004. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamilton, Rebecca, and Hazlett, Chad. 2007. “Not on Our Watch, the Emergence of the American Movement for Darfur.” In War in Darfur and the Search for Peace, ed. de Waal, Alex. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Hammett, Daniel. 2011. “British Media Representation of South Africa and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.” South Africa Geographical Journal 93(1): 63–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hammoudi, Abdellah. 2009. “Phenomenology and Ethnography: On Kabyle Habitus in the Work of Pierre Bourdieu.” In Bourdieu in Algeria: Colonial Politics, Ethnographic Practices, Theoretical Developments, eds. Goodman, Jane and Silverstein, Paul. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 199–254.Google Scholar

Hanitzsch, Thomas. 2019. “Journalism Studies Still Needs to Fix Western Bias.” Journalism 20(1): 214–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanitzsch, Thomas, et al. 2019. “Perceived Influences: Journalists’ Awareness of Pressure on Their Work.” In Journalistic Cultures Around the Globe, eds. Hanitzsch, Thomas, Hanusch, Folker, Ramaprasad, Jyotika, and de Beer, Arnold S.. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 103–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanitzsch, Thomas, Hanusch, Folker, Ramaprasad, Jyotika, and de Beer, Arnold S.. 2019a. “Exploring the Worlds of Journalism: An Introduction.” In Worlds of Journalism: Journalist Cultures Around The Globe, eds. Hanitzsch, Thomas, Hanusch, Folker, Ramaprasad, Jyotika, and de Beer, Arnold S. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanitzsch, Thomas, Hanusch, Folker, Ramaprasad, Jyotika, and de Beer, Arnold S., eds. 2019b. Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures Around the Globe. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. http://cup.columbia.edu/book/worlds-of-journalism/9780231186438 (August 10, 2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanitzsch, Thomas, and Vos, Tim P.. 2017. “Journalistic Roles and the Struggle Over Institutional Identity: The Discursive Constitution of Journalism.” Communication Theory 27(2): 115–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hanitzsch, Thomas, and Vos, Tim P.. 2018. “Journalism beyond Democracy: A New Look into Journalistic Roles in Political and Everyday Life.” Journalism 19(2): 146–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hannerz, Ulf. 2012. Foreign News: Exploring the World of Foreign Correspondents. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Harrow, Kenneth W. 2005. “‘Ancient Tribal Warfare’: Foundational Fantasies of Ethnicity and History.” Research in African Literatures 36(2): 34–45.Google Scholar

Hartsock, John C. 2007. “‘It Was a Dark and Stormy Night’: Newspaper Reporters Rediscover the Art of Narrative Literary Journalism and Their Own Epistemological Heritage.” Prose Studies 29(2): 257–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harvey, Sylvia. 2021. “Impartiality, Fairness and the Bias of Empire.” In Global Media Ethics and the Digital Revolution, ed. Miladi, Noureddine. London: Routledge, 38–52. www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003203551/chapters/10.4324/9781003203551-2 (October 21, 2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hass, Jeffrey K. 2017. “Anchors, Habitus, and Practices Besieged by War: Women and Gender in the Blockade of Leningrad.” Sociological Forum. http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/socf.12329 (February 13, 2017).Google Scholar

Hawk, Beverly G. 1992. Africa’s Media Image. ed. Hawk, Beverly G.. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich. 1956. The Philosophy of History. New York, NY: Dover.Google Scholar

Helander, Elisabet. 2010. “A Critical View of Kenyan Media System through the Perspective of the Journalists.” African Communication Research 3(3): 521–42.Google Scholar

Hilsum, Lindsey. 2007. “Reporting Rwanda: The Media and the Aid Agencies.” In The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, ed. Thompson, Allan. Ottawa, Canada: Pluto Press, 167–87.Google Scholar

Hochschild, Adam. 1998. “The King’s Lobbyists.” The American Scholar 67(3): 39–51.Google Scholar

Hilsum, Lindsey. 2007. “Reporting Rwanda: The Media and the Aid Agencies.” In The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, ed. Thompson, Allan. Ottawa, Canada: Pluto Press, 167–87.Google Scholar

Hochschild, Adam. 1999. King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar

Hoff, Elizabeth. 1999. “African Conflict and the Media.” In African Media and Conflict, eds. Onadipe, Abiodun and Lord, David. London, UK: Conciliation Resources.Google Scholar

Hoge, Warren. 2004. “African Union to Send Troops in Bid to Curb Sudan Violence.” The New York Times: 4.Google Scholar

Houreld, Katharine. 2004. “Rebel with a Cause?” The Mail & Guardian. https://mg.co.za/article/2004-10-15-rebel-with-a-cause/ (April 12, 2022).Google Scholar

Ibelema, Minabere. 2008. The African Press, Civic Cynicism, and Democracy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ingelaere, Bert. 2010. “Peasants, Power and Ethnicity: A Bottom-Up Perspective on Rwanda’s Political Transition.” African Affairs 109(435): 273–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ireri, Kioko. 2018. “Exploring Journalism and Mass Communication Training in Kenya: A National Survey.” Journalism & Mass Communication Educator 73(3): 293–307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Iyengar, Shanto. 1994. Is Anyone Responsible?: How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/I/bo3684515.html (June 30, 2022).Google Scholar

Jacobs, Sean. 2015. “Journalism and ‘the African Story.’” African Journalism Studies 36(1): 73–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenks, John. 2016. “The Scramble for African Media: The British Government, Reuters, and Thomson in the 1960s.” American Journalism 33(1): 2–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenks, John. 2019. “Crash Course: The International Press Institute and Journalism Training in Anglophone Africa, 1963–1975.” Media History 26(4): 1–14.Google Scholar

Jimada, Usman. 1992. “Eurocentric Media Training in Nigeria: What Alternative?” Journal of black studies 22(3): 366–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnston, Alexander. 2005. “The African National Congress, the Print Media and the Development of Mediated Politics in South Africa.” Critical Arts 19(1–2): 12–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, Alison, and Lucinda Manda, Domoka. 2006. “Violence and ‘Othering’ in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa. Case Study: Banda’s Malaŵi.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 18(2): 197–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Josephi, Beate. 2013. “How Much Democracy Does Journalism Need?” Journalism 14(4): 474–89.Google Scholar

Josephi, Beate. 2016. “Journalism Education.” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication. New York: Oxford University Press, 1–22. https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-92 (December 14, 2021).Google Scholar

Juluri, Vamsee. 1998. “Globalizing Audience Studies: The Audience and Its Landscape and Living Room Wars.” Critical Studies in Mass Communication 15: 85–90.Google Scholar

Kadhi, Joe, and Rutten, Marcel. 2001. “The Kenyan Media in the 1997 General Elections: A Look at the Watchdogs.” In Out for the Count: The 1997 General Elections and Prospects for Democracy in Kenya, eds. Rutten, Marcel, Mazrui, Alamin, and Grignon, François. Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 242–73.Google Scholar

Kaigwa, Mark. 2017. “From Cyber Café to Smartphone: Kenya’s Social Media Lens Zooms In on the Country and Out to the World.” In Digital Kenya: An Entrepreneurial Revolution in the Making, eds. Ndemo, Bitange and Weiss, Tim. London: Palgrave Macmillan, UK, 187–222. http://link.springer.com/10.1057/978-1-137-57878-5_7 (June 14, 2018).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kamola, Isaac. 2007. “The Global Coffee Economy and the Production of Genocide in Rwanda.” Third World Quarterly, 28(3): 571–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kamola, Isaac. 2012. “Reading ‘the Global’ in the Absence of Africa.” In Thinking International Relations Differently, eds. Tickner, Arlene and Blaney, David. London: Routledge: 183–204.Google Scholar

Kasoma, Francis P. 1996. “The Foundations of African Ethics (Afriethics) and the Professional Practice of Journalism: The Case for Society-Centred Media Morality.” Africa Media Review 10: 93–116.Google Scholar

Kasoma, Francis P. 1999. “Independent Media, Professionalism, and Ethics in Journalism Education.” In Mass Communication, Democracy and Civil Society in Africa: International Perspective, ed. Uche, Luke. Lagos: UNESCO-NATCOM, 445–59.Google Scholar

Katshuga, Jen. 2019. “Too Black for Canada, Too White for Congo: Re-Searching in a (Dis)Placed Body.” openDemocracy. www.opendemocracy.net/en/beyond-trafficking-and-slavery/too-black-canada-too-white-congo-re-searching-displaced-body/ (July 1, 2022).Google Scholar

Kimani, Peter. 2004. “Disaster Looms in Refugee Camps.” Daily Nation: 11–12.Google Scholar

Kimathi, Kenneth. 2005. “Darfur in the Pan, Unity On the Call.” The New Times.Google Scholar

Kogen, Lauren. 2015. “Not Up for Debate: U.S. News Coverage of Hunger in Africa.” The International Communication Gazette 77(1): 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kothari, Ammina. 2010. “The Framing of the Darfur Conflict in The New York Times: 2003–2006.” Journalism Studies 11(2): 209–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kraidy, Marwan M. 2002. “Hybridity in Cultural Globalization.” Communication Theory 12(3): 316–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kraidy, Marwan M. 2011. “The Rise of Transnational Media Systems.” In Comparing Media Systems Beyond the Western World, Communication, Society and Politics, eds. Hallin, Daniel C. and Mancini, Paolo. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 177–200. www.cambridge.org/core/books/comparing-media-systems-beyond-the-western-world/rise-of-transnational-media-systems/00B07FCC2A27511EAF2A4E240C6F3D85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kristof, Nicholas. 2004. “Will We Say ‘Never Again’ yet Again?” New York Times.Google Scholar

Kupe, Tawana. 2013. “Globalization from My African Corner.” Media, Culture & Society 35(1): 139–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lamont, Michele, and Swidler, Ann. 2014. “Methodological Pluralism and the Possibilities and Limits of Interviewing.” Qualitative Sociology 37: 153–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lamont, Michèle, and Thévenot, Laurent, eds. 2000. Rethinking Comparative Cultural Sociology: Repertoires of Evaluation in France and the United States. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lasswell, Harold. 1927. Propaganda Technique in World War One. Reprint. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Lawrance, Benjamin. 2007. Locality, Mobility, and Nation: Periurban Colonialism in Togo’s Eweland, 1900–1960. Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lentz, Carola. 1995. “‘Tribalism’ and Ethnicity in Africa.” Cahiers des sciences humaines 31(2): 303–28.Google Scholar

Longman, Timothy, and Rutagengwa, Théonèste. 2004. “Memory, Identity and Community in Rwanda.” In My Neighbour, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity, eds. Stover, E. and Weinstein, H.. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 162–82.Google Scholar

Loughran, Gerard. 2010. Birth of a Nation: The Story of a Newspaper in Kenya. London, UK: I.B. Tauris.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lugard, Frederick. 1965. The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa. 5th ed. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.Google Scholar

Lynch, Gabrielle. 2018. “Ethnicity in Africa.” Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. http://africanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-32 (February 25, 2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mabweazara, Hayes. 2018. “Reinvigorating ‘Age-Old Questions’: African Journalism Cultures and the Fallacy of Global Normative Homogeneity.” In Newsmaking Cultures in Africa: Normative Trends in the Dynamics of Socio-Political & Economic Struggles, ed. Mabweazara, Hayes. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mafeje, Archie. 1971. “The Ideology of ‘Tribalism.’” Journal of Modern African Studies 9(2): 253–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maingard, Jacqueline. 1997. “Imag(in)Ing the South African Nation: Representations of Identity in The Rugby World Cup 1995.” Theatre Journal 49(1, Performing (in) South Africa): 15–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Makali, David. 1998. “The Ugly Face of Media Corruption: Samuel Gichuru Buys out Dispatch Edition.” Expression Today 8: 1–3.Google Scholar

Mamdani, Mahmood. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Mamdani, Mahmood. 2001. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Mamdani, Mahmood. 2007. “The Politics of Naming: Genocide, Civil War, Insurgency.” London Review of Books 29(5): 5–8.Google Scholar

Mamdani, Mahmood. 2010. Saviors and Survivors: Darfur, Politics and the War on Terror. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press.Google Scholar

Mamdani, Mahmood. 2012. “What Is a Tribe?” London Review of Books 34(17): 1–7.Google Scholar

Mannheim, Karl. 1936. Ideology and Utopia. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Manor, Ilan, and Crilley, Rhys. 2019. “The Mediatisation of MFAS: Diplomacy in the New Media Ecology.” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 15(1–2): 66–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maseko, Themba. 2010. Government Communication and Information System: Annual Report. Republic of South Africa: Minister in The Presidency. Government Communications.Google Scholar

Masolo, D. A. 1994. African Philosophy in Search of Identity. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar

Maweu, Jacinta Mwende. 2014. “A Clash between Journalistic and Capitalist Values? How Advertisers Meddle in Journalists’ Decisions at the Nation Media Group in Kenya.” Journal of African Media Studies 6(1): 27–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mbeke, Peter, Ugangu, Wilson, and Okello-Orlale, Rosemary. 2010. The Media We Want: The Kenya Media Vulnerabilities Study. Nairobi, Kenya: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung.Google Scholar

Mbembe, Achille. 1992. “Provisional Notes on the Postcolony.” Africa: Journal of the International African Institute 62(1): 3–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mbembe, Achille. 2000. “African Modes of Self-Writing.” Identity, Culture, and Politics: An Afro-Asian Dialogue 2(2): 1–35.Google Scholar

Mbembe, Achille. 2001. On the Postcolony. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Mbembe, Achille. 2015. “Decolonizing Knowledge and the Question of the Archive.” Presented at the Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Witwatersrand (Johannesburg).Google Scholar

Mboya, Tom. 1970. The Challenge of Nationhood. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar

McCombs, Maxwell. 2004. Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.Google Scholar

McNulty, Mel. 1999. “Media Ethnicization and the International Response to War and Genocide in Rwanda.” In The Media of Conflict: War Reporting and Representations of Ethnic Violence, eds. Allen, Tim and Seaton, Jean. New York, NY: St, Martin’s Press, 268–86.Google Scholar

Media Council of Kenya. 2012. Status of Media in Kenya Survey Report. Nairobi, Kenya: Media Council of Kenya.Google Scholar

Mellor, Noha. 2011. “Introduction.” In Arab Media: Globalizing and Emerging Media Industries, eds. Mellor, Noha, Ayish, Muhammad I., Dajani, Nabil, and Rinnawi, Khalil. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1–11.Google Scholar

Merton, Robert King. 1968. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York, NY: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Mgbako, Chi. 2005. “Ingando Solidarity Camps: Reconciliation and Political Indoctrination in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” Harvard Human Rights Journal 18(1): 201–24.Google Scholar

Miller, Jody, and Glassner, Barry. 2004. “The ‘inside’ and the ‘Outside’: Finding Realities in Interviews.” In Qualitative Research: Theory, Method and Practice, ed. Silverman, David. California: Thousand Oaks, 99–112.Google Scholar

Mody, Bella. 2010. The Geopolitics of Representation in Foreign News: Explaining Darfur. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Mohammed, Wunpini Fatimata. 2022. “Bilchiinsi Philosophy: Decolonizing Methodologies in Media Studies.” Review of Communication 22(1): 7–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mokoena, Hlonipha. 2016. “The Afterlife of Words: Magema Fuze, Bilingual Print Journalism, and the Making of a Self-Archive.” In African Print Cultures: Newspapers and Their Publics in the Twentieth Century, eds. Peterson, Derek, Hunter, Emma, and Newell, Stephanie. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 361–87.Google Scholar

Monga, Celestin. 1992. La Recomposition Du Marche Politique Au Cameroun (1991–1992): De La Necessitte d’un Amenagement Du Monitoring Electoral. Fondation Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.Google Scholar

Moon, Ruth. 2019. “Beyond Puppet Journalism: The Bridging Work of Transnational Journalists in a Local Field.” Journalism Studies 20(12): 1714–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moon, Ruth. 2021. “When Journalists See Themselves and Villains: The Power of Negative Discourse.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 98(3): 790–807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moon, Ruth. Forthcoming. Authoritarian Journalism: Controlling the Press in Post-Conflict Rwanda. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Mukombozi, Robert, and Suuna, Ignatius. 2007. “Kagame Speaks On Darfur-Government Will Back AU, UN Deployment.” The New Times.Google Scholar

Munyaneza, James. 2005. “AU Unable to Fund Darfur Peace.” The New Times.Google Scholar

Musandu, Phoebe. 2018. Pressing Interests: The Agenda and Influence of a Colonial East African Newspaper Sector. Montreal, Canada: McGill-Queen’s Press – MQUP.Google Scholar

Musoni, Edwin. 2007. “General Kabarebe Salutes RDF On Mission.” The New Times.Google Scholar

Muthuma, Gitau. 2005. “The Darfur Crisis: Are Accords Enough?” The New Times.Google Scholar

Nash, Kate. 2009. The Cultural Politics of Human Rights: Comparing the US and UK. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nash, Kate. 2010. “Media and the Cultural Politics of Human Rights.” SciencesPo | CERI: CNRS: 7.Google Scholar

Nassanga, Goretti. 2009. “Reflections on the Media in Africa: Strangers in a Mirror?” In Media and Identity in Africa, eds. Njogu, Kimani and Middleton, John. George Square, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 49–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ndela, Nkosi. 2009. “African Media Research in the Era of Globalization.” Journal of African Media Studies 1(1): 55–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2015. “Decoloniality as the Future of Africa.” History Compass 13(10): 485–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ndlovu-Gatsheni, Sabelo J. 2021. “The Cognitive Empire, Politics of Knowledge and African Intellectual Productions: Reflections on Struggles for Epistemic Freedom and Resurgence of Decolonisation in the Twenty-First Century.” Third World Quarterly 0(0): 1–20.Google Scholar

Neff, Timothy, and Benson, Rodney. 2021. “News You Can Use to Promote Your Interests: Media Ownership Forms and Economic Instrumentalism.” Journalism Studies 22(15): 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Newell, Stephanie. 2013. The Power to Name: A History of Anonymity in Colonial West Africa. Athens: Ohio University Press.Google Scholar

Ng’wanakilala, Nkwabi. 1981. Mass Communication and Development of Socialism in Tanzania. Dar es Salaam: Tanzania Publishing House.Google Scholar

Ng’weno, Hillary. 1969. “The Nature of the Threat to Press Freedom in East Africa.” Africa Today.Google Scholar

Nkrumah, Kwame. 1965. “Africa’s New Type of Journalists: The Torch Bearers.” In The African Journalist, ed. Sulemana-Sibidow, W. M.. Winneba, Ghana: Kwame Nkrumah Ideological Institute, 3–16.Google Scholar

Nnaemeka, Obioma. 2005. “Bringing African Women into the Classroom: Rethinking Pedagogy and Epistemology.” In African Gender Studies: A Reader, ed. Oyewumi, Oyeronke. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 51–65.Google Scholar

Nothias, Toussaint. 2016. “How Western Journalists Actually Write About Africa: Re-Assessing the Myth of Representations of Africa.” Journalism Studies 19(8): 1–22.Google Scholar

Nyabola, Nanjala. 2018. Digital Democracy, Analogue Politics: How the Internet Era Is Transforming Politics in Kenya. London, UK: Zed Books.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nyabuga, George, and Booker, Nancy. 2013. Mapping Digital Media: Kenya. London, UK: Open Society Foundation. Country Report.Google Scholar

Nyamnjoh, Francis. 2005. Africa’s Media, Democracy and the Politics of Belonging. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Nyamnjoh, Francis. 2012. “‘Potted Plants in Greenhouses’: A Critical Reflection on the Resilience of Colonial Education in Africa.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 47(2): 129–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nyamnjoh, Francis. 2013. “Africa, the Village Belle: From Crisis to Opportunity.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 34(3): 125–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nyamnjoh, Francis. 2015. “Journalism in Africa: Modernity, Africanity.” African Journalism Studies 36(1): 37–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nyang, Sulayman S. 1994. “The Cultural Consequences of Development in Africa.” In Culture and Development in Africa, eds. Serageldin, Ismail and Taboroff, June. Washington, DC: World Bank, 429–46.Google Scholar

Obonyo, Levi. 2011. “Towards a Theory of Communication for Africa: The Challenges for Emerging Democracies.” Communication: South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research 37(1): 1–20.Google Scholar

Obonyo, Levi, and Peel, Clayton. 2012. “Media Regulation in Emerging Democracies: The Example of Kenya’s Hybrid Model.” African Communication Research 5(2): 139–60.Google Scholar

Ochieng’, Philip. 1996. “The Training Question.” Media Focus: Journal of the Media Development Association 1(2): 17–19.Google Scholar

Ocitti, Jimmy. 1998. “Media and Democracy in Africa: Mutual Political Bedfellows or Implacable Arch-Foes.” In Fellows Program, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 37.Google Scholar

Odhiambo, Lewis. 1991. “Development Journalism in Africa: Capitulation of the Fourth Estate?” Africa Media Review 5(2): 17–29.Google Scholar

Odhiambo, Lewis. 2002. “The Media Environment in Kenya Since 1990.” African Studies 61(2): 295–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oduntan, Oluwatoyin Babatunde. 2016. “Making Constituency in the Province: The Osumare Egba (1935-1937) and the Agenda of Abeokuta Modernization.” In African Print Cultures: Newspapers and Their Publics in the Twentieth Century, eds. Peterson, Derek, Hunter, Emma, and Newell, Stephanie. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 305–35.Google Scholar

Ogola, George. 2008. “Kenya: ‘parachute’ Journalists and the Crisis.” Business Daily.Google Scholar

Ogola, George. 2011a. “‘If You Rattle a Snake, Be Prepared to Be Bitten’: Popular Culture, Politics, and the Kenyan News Media.” In Popular Media, Democracy and Development in Africa, Internationalizing Media Studies, ed. Wasserman, Herman. New York, NY: Routledge, 123–36.Google Scholar

Ogola, George. 2011b. “The Political Economy of the Media in Kenya: From Kenyatta’s Nation-Building Press to Kibaki’s Local-Language FM Radio.” Africa Today 57(3): 77–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ogundimu, Folu F., Yinka Oyewo, Olusola, and Adegoke, Lawrence. 2007. “West African Journalism Education and the Quest for Professional Standards.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 28(1–2): 191–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okediji, Tade. 2005. “The Dynamics of Ethnic Fragmentation: A Proposal for an Expanded Measurement Index.” American Journal of Economics and Sociology 64(2): 637–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okediji, Tade, and Wahutu, j. Siguru. 2017. “The Role of Ethnicity in Political Formation in Kenya: 1963–2007.” In Dissent, Protest and Dispute in Africa, eds. Mbah, Emmanuel and Falola, Toyin. New York, NY: Routledge, 133–51.Google Scholar

Oketch, Moses O. 2004. “The Emergence of Private University Education in Kenya: Trends, Prospects, and Challenges.” International Journal of Educational Development 24(2): 119–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okigbo, Charles, and Pratt, Cornelius B.. 1997. “Curricula for Media Education in Anglophone Africa.” Journalism & Mass Communication Educator 52(3): 8–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olivera, Cecilia Arregui. 2023. “Peace Journalism Revisited: A Qualitative Study towards a Nuanced Re-Conceptualization.” PhD. Aarhus University.Google Scholar

Omolewa, Michael. 2006. “Educating the ‘Native’: A Study of the Education Adaptation Strategy in British Colonial Africa, 1910-1936.” The Journal of African American History 91(3): 267–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pate, Umaru, Osov, Lai, and Jibril, Abubakar. 2018. “Status of Training and Research in Reporting Conflict, Peace Journalism and Safety Education in English Speaking West Africa: The Cases of Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra Leone.” Journalism Education 6(2): 28–36.Google Scholar

Paterson, Chris. 2017. “New Imperialisms, Old Stereotypes.” In Africa’s Media Image in the 21st Century: From the “Heart of Darkness” to “Africa Rising.,” eds. Bunce, Melanie, Franks, Suzanne, and Paterson, Chris. London, UK: Routledge, 214–22.Google Scholar

Pedelty, Mark. 1995. War Stories: The Culture of Foreign Correspondents. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Peterson, Derek, and Hunter, Emma. 2016. “Print Culture in Colonial Africa.” In African Print Cultures: Newspapers and Their Publics in the Twentieth Century, eds. Peterson, Derek, Hunter, Emma, and Newell, Stephanie. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peterson, Derek, Hunter, Emma, and Newell, Stephanie, eds. 2016. African Print Cultures: Newspapers and Their Publics in the Twentieth Century. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Phillips, Whitney. 2018. The Oxygen of Amplification: Better Practices for Reporting on Extremists, Antagonists, and Manipulators Online. New York, NY: Data & Society Research Institute.Google Scholar

Pickard, Victor. 2019. Democracy without Journalism?: Confronting the Misinformation Society. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Posner, Daniel. 2004. “Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa.” American Journal of Political Science 48(4): 849–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powers, Mathew. 2018. NGOs as Newsmakers: The Changing Landscape of International News. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Prunier, Gérard. 2008. Darfur: A 21st Century Genocide. 3rd ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Purdeková, Andrea. 2008. Repatriation and Reconciliation in Divided Societies: The Case of Rwanda’s Ingando. Oxford: Oxford Refugee Studies (RSC).Google Scholar

Pye, Lucian. 1963. Communications and Political Development. ed. Pye, Lucian. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Quayson, Ato. 2000. Postcolonialism: Theory, Practice, or Process? Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Quijano, Anibal. 2000. “Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America.” Nepantla: Views from South 1(3): 533–80.Google Scholar

Raemy, Patric, and Vos, Tim P.. 2021. “A Negotiative Theory of Journalistic Roles.” Communication Theory 31(1): 107–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raetzsch, Christoph et al. 2021. “Towards Diversity in Global Journalism Studies. A Reply to Seth C. Lewis.” Digital Journalism: 1–12.Google Scholar

Ramani, Ken. 2004. “Just Who Are the Dreaded Darfur Janjaweed Militia.” The Standard.Google Scholar

Ray, Carina. 2009. “Darfur in the African Press.” In Darfur and the Crisis of Governance in Sudan: A Critical Reader, eds. Hassan, Salah and Ray, Carina. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 170–98.Google Scholar

Reese, Stephen. 2001. “Understanding the Global Journalist: A Hierarchy-of-Influences Approach.” Journalism Studies 2(2): 173–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reese, Stephen. 2010. “Journalism and Globalization.” Sociology Compass 4(6): 344–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reese, Stephen, and Cohen, Jeremy. 2000. “Educating for Journalism: The Professionalism of Scholarship.” Journalism Studies 1(2): 213–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reuters. 2004. “Sudan in Deal with Rebels over Aid Delivery.” The Daily Nation.Google Scholar

Reuters. 2007. “Oceans for Refugees: Movie Stars Held Darfur Refugees.” Sowetan.Google Scholar

Rodny-Gumede, Ylva. 2013. “The Local in the Global: Challenges of Teaching Global Journalism.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 34(2): 128–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rodny-Gumede, Ylva. 2021. “Transformation, Fragmentation, and Decolonization: The Contested Role of the Media in Postcolonial South Africa.” In Decolonizing Political Communication in Africa, eds. Karam, Beschara and Mutsvairo, Bruce. London, UK: Routledge, 193–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ronning, Helge. 1994. Media and Democracy: Theories and Principles with Reference to an African Context. Harare: SAPES Books.Google Scholar

Rosen, Jay. 1999. What Are Journalists For? New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Russ-Mohl, Stephan. 2010. “US Coverage of Conflict and the Media Attention Cycle.” In Peace Journalism, War and Conflict, eds. Keeble, Rachard, Tulloch, John, and Zollman, Florian. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 319–34.Google Scholar

Sabaratnam, Meera. 2017. Decolonizing Intervention: International Statebuilding in Mozambique. London and New York: Rowan & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Savelsberg, Joachim. 2015. Representing Mass Violence: Conflicting Responses to Human Rights Violations in Darfur. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Sabaratnam, Meera. 2017. Decolonizing Intervention: International Statebuilding in Mozambique. London and New York: Rowan & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Savelsberg, Joachim. 2021. University of California Press Knowing about Genocide. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. www.luminosoa.org/site/books/m/10.1525/luminos.99/ (June 24, 2021).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Savelsberg, Joachim, and King, Ryan. 2005. “Institutionalizing Collective Memories of Hate: Law and Law Enforcement in Germany and the United States.” American Journal of Sociology 111(2): 579–616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Savelsberg, Joachim, and King, Ryan. 2011. American Memories: Atrocities and the Law. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Savelsberg, Joachim, and Nyseth Nzitarira, Hollie. 2015. “Representing Human Rights Violations in Darfur: Global Justice, National Distinctions.” American Journal of Sociology 121(2): 564–603.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Savelsberg, Joachim, and Wahutu, j. Siguru. 2017. “News Media and African Genocide: Toward a Global North-African Comparison” In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Criminology, ed. Brown, Michelle. New York: Oxford University Press, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.213.Google Scholar

Schatz, Sayre. 1994. “Structural Adjustment in Africa: A Failing Grade so Far.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 32(4): 679–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schatz, Sayre. 1996. “The World Bank’s Fundamental Misconception in Africa.” Journal of Modern African Studies 34(2): 239–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schilling, Donald G. 1972. “British Policy for African Education in Kenya 1895–1939.” PhD. The University of Wisconsin.Google Scholar

Schlesinger, Philip. 1978. Putting “Reality” Together: BBC News. London: Constable.Google Scholar

Schramm, Wilbur. 1959. One Day in the World’s Press: Fourteen Great Newspapers on a Day of Crisis. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Schudson, Michael. 2005. “Autonomy from What?” In Bourdieu and the Journalistic Field, eds. Benson, Rodney and Neveu, Erik. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 214–23.Google Scholar

Schudson, Michael. 2011. The Sociology of News. 2nd ed. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar

Schütz, Alfred. 1973. Collected Papers: The Problem of Social Reality. Boston, MA: M. Nijhoff.Google Scholar

Scott, Martin. 2017. “The Myth of Representations of Africa: A Comprehensive Scoping Review of the Literature.” Journalism Studies 18(2): 191–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Senghor, Leopold. 1966. “Négritude: A Humanism of the 20th Century.” Optima 16(8): 1–8.Google Scholar

Senghor, Leopold. 1967a. “Les Fondements de l’africanite, Ou Negritude et Arabite.” Presented at the Presence Africaine, Paris.Google Scholar

Senghor, Leopold. 1967b. “Negritude and Arabism.” Afro-Asian Writings 1(1): 20–25.Google Scholar

Senghor, Leopold. 1971. “The Foundations of ‘Africanite’; ‘Negritude’ and ‘Arabite.’” Presented at the Presence Africaine, Paris.Google Scholar

Serwornoo, Michael Yao Wodui. 2019. “Postcolonial Trajectories of Foreign News Selection in the Ghanaian Press: BBC Remains the Ultimate Reference.” Journalism Studies 20(9): 1357–75. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2018.1519637.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sesanti, Simphiwe. 2009. “A Case for African Culture in Journalism Curricula.” Communitas 14: 125–35.Google Scholar

Shah, Hemant. 1996. “Modernity, Marginalisation and Emancipation: Towards a Normative Model of Journalism and National Development.” Communication Theory 6(2): 143–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shah, Sayyed Fawad Ali, Ginossar, Tamar, and Ittefaq, Muhammad. 2021. “‘We Always Report under Pressure’: Professionalism and Journalistic Identity among Regional Journalists in a Conflict Zone.” Journalism 24(4): 709–28.Google Scholar

Shearlaw, Maeve. 2014. “What Happened to Darfur after George Clooney Came to Town?” The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/11/-sp-george-cloony-darfur-what-next (February 24, 2022).Google Scholar

Sheinheit, Ian, and Bogard, Cynthia J.. 2016. “Authenticity and Carrier Agents: The Social Construction of Political Gaffes.” Sociological Forum 31(4): 970–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shoemaker, Pamela J., and Akiba, Cohen. 2006. News Around the World: Content. Practitioners and the Public. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Shome, Raka, and Hegde, Radha. 2002. “Postcolonial Approaches to Communication: Charting the Terrain, Engaging the Intersections.” Communication Theory 12(3): 249–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shulman, Hillary C., and Sweitzer, Matthew D.. 2018. “Advancing Framing Theory: Designing an Equivalency Frame to Improve Political Information Processing.” Human Communication Research 44(2): 155–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sigal, Leon V. 1973. Reporters and Officials: The Organization and Politics of Newsmaking. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.Google Scholar

Simon, James. 2008. “World Newspaper Archive -African Newspapers.” Center for Research Libraries: Global Resources Network. www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/cape-town-gazette-and-african-advertiser-bilingual-newspaper-and-first-publish-news-1 (October 11, 2021).Google Scholar

Skjerdal, Terje S., and Muiru Ngugi, Charles. 2007. “Institutional and Governmental Challenges for Journalism Education in East Africa.” Ecquid Novi 28(1–2): 176–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Small, Mario L., and Cook, Jenna M.. 2021. “Using Interviews to Understand Why: Challenges and Strategies in the Study of Motivated Action.” Sociological Methods & Research 52(4): 1591–631.Google Scholar

Smith, Kim. 1987. “Newspaper Coverage and Public Concern about Community Issues.” Journalism and Communication Monographs 101.Google Scholar

Sobel, Meghan, and McIntyre, Karen. 2018. “Journalists’ Perceptions of Human Rights Reporting in Rwanda.” African Journalism Studies 39(3): 85–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sreberny-Mohammadi, Annabelle. 1984. “The ‘World of the News’ Study.” Journal of Communication 34(1): 121–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Steinmetz, George. 2016. “Social Fields, Subfields and Social Spaces at the Scale of Empires: Explaining the Colonial State and Colonial Sociology.” The Sociological Review 64(2_suppl): 98–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Straus, Scott. 2015. Making and Unmaking Nations: War, Leadership and Genocide in Modern Africa. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tageldin, Shaden M. 2014. “The Place of Africa, in Theory: Pan-Africanism, Postcolonialism, Beyond.” Journal of Historical Sociology 27(3): 302–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Taylor, Charles, and Hudson, Michael. 1972. World Handbook of Political and Social Indicators. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Tripodi, Francesca. 2018. Searching for Alternative Facts. New York, NY: Data & Society Research Institute. https://datasociety.net/research/media-manipulation.Google Scholar

Tuchman, Gaye. 1978. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Tudesq, André Jean. 1992. L’Afrique noire et ses télévisions. Paris: Anthropos/INA.Google Scholar

Tudesq, André Jean. 1997. “Problems of Press Freedom in Cote D’Ivoire.” In Press Freedom and Communication in Africa, eds. Eribo, Festus and Jong-Ebot, William. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 291–302.Google Scholar

Tumber, Howard. 2002. “Sources, The Media and the Reporting of Conflict.” In Media and Conflict: Framing Issues, Making Policy, Shaping Opinions, eds. Gilboa, E.. Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 135–51.Google Scholar

Ugboajah, Frank. 1985a. “‘Oramedia’ in Africa.” In Mass Communication, Culture and Society in West Africa, ed. Ugboajah, Frank. New York, NY: Hans Zell, 165–75.Google Scholar

Ugboajah, Frank. 1985b. “Research Models and the Problems of Communication Research in West Africa.” In Mass Communication, Culture and Society in West Africa, ed. Ugboajah, Frank. New York, NY: Hans Zell, 279–84.Google Scholar

United Nations. 2005. Report of the International Commission on Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General. Geneva: United Nations.Google Scholar

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2002. Communication Training in Africa: Model Curricula. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 2007. Model Curricula for Journalism Education. Paris: UNESCO.Google Scholar

United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations. 2004. “The Crisis in Darfur - Secretary Colin L. Powell Testimony.” URL:https://2001-2009.state.gov/secretary/former/powell/rGoogle Scholar

The University of Nairobi. n.d. “School of Journalism and Mass Communication.” About. http://journalism.uonbi.ac.ke/node/2 (February 2, 2017).Google Scholar

Usher, Nikki. 2017. “Venture-Backed News Startups and the of Journalism: Challenges, Changes, and Consistencies.” Digital Journalism 5(9): 1116–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Vasager, Jeevan. 2004. “Powell’s ‘sanitised’ View of Human Suffering.” The Guardian.Google Scholar

de Waal, Alex. 2007. “Reflections on the Difficulties of Defining Darfur’s Crisis as Genocide.” Harvard Human Rights Journal 20: 26–33.Google Scholar

Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin. 2004. “Wanted: Critical Journalism Studies to Embrace Its Critical Potential.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 25(2): 350–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin. 2013a. “Subjectivity and Story-Telling in Journalism.” Journalism Studies 14(3): 305–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahl-Jorgensen, Karin. 2013b. “The Strategic Ritual of Emotionality: A Case Study of Pulitzer Prize-Winning Articles.” Journalism 14(1): 129–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahutu, j. Siguru. 2018a. “The Politics of Representation: Wire Agencies and Local News Organizations in the Coverage of Darfur.” Sociological Forum 33(2): 465–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahutu, j. Siguru. 2018b. “Representations of Africa in African Media: The Case of the Darfur Violence.” African Affairs 117(466): 44–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahutu, j. Siguru. 2018a. “The Politics of Representation: Wire Agencies and Local News Organizations in the Coverage of Darfur.” Sociological Forum 33(2): 465–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahutu, j. Siguru. 2018c. “Social, Field and Regional Conditions of Knowledge: News on Darfur in African Media.” Sociology PhD. The University of Minnesota. http://hdl.handle.net/11299/200239.Google Scholar

Wahutu, j. Siguru. 2018a. “The Politics of Representation: Wire Agencies and Local News Organizations in the Coverage of Darfur.” Sociological Forum 33(2): 465–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahutu, j. Siguru. 2019. “Prophets without Honor: Peripheral Actors in Kenyan Journalism.” Media and Communication 7(4): 127–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahutu, j. Siguru. 2018a. “The Politics of Representation: Wire Agencies and Local News Organizations in the Coverage of Darfur.” Sociological Forum 33(2): 465–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wahutu, j. Siguru. 2022. “Making African Suffering Legible: Co-Constructing Narrative of the Darfur Atrocities:” The International Journal of Press/Politics 28(4): 818–36. https://journals.sagepub.com/eprint/IDNTGQZYAIZBJWXG8VTN/full (February 21, 2022).Google Scholar

Wall, Melissa. 2007. “An Analysis of News Magazine Coverage of Rwanda Crisis in the United States.” In The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, ed. Thompson, Allan. New York, NY: Pluto Press, 261–75.Google Scholar

Wangusi, Francis. 2015. “Press Statement.” www.ca.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Press-Statement-Of-February-13th-2015-On-Digital-Migration.pdf.Google Scholar

Wasserman, Herman. 2005. “Journalism Education as Transformative Praxis.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 26(2): 159–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weaver, David, and Willnat, Lars. 2012. The Global Journalist in the 21st Century. New York, NY: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weber, Max. 1976. “Towards a Sociology of the Press.” Journal of Communication Studies 26(3): 96–101.Google Scholar

Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: Two Volume Set, with a New Foreword by Guenther Roth. 4th ed. eds. Roth, Guenther and Wittich, Claus. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 96–101.Google Scholar

Whitehead, Clive. 2005. “The Historiography of British Imperial Education Policy, Part II: Africa and the Rest of the Colonial Empire.” History of Education 34(4): 441–54.Google Scholar

Willems, Wendy. 2014a. “Beyond Normative Dewesternization: Examining Media Culture from the Vantage Point of the Global South.” The Global South 8(1): 7–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Willems, Wendy. 2014b. “Provincializing Hegemonic Histories of Media and Communication Studies: Toward a Genealogy of Epistemic Resistance in Africa.” Communication Theory 24(4): 415–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wimmer, Jeffrey, and Wolf, Susanne. 2005. “Development Journalism out of Date? An Analysis of Its Significance in Journalism Education at African Universities.” Munich Contributions to Communication 3: 12.Google Scholar

World Bank. 2015. World Development Indicators. The World Bank. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators.Google Scholar

Wright, Kate. 2018. Who’s Reporting Africa Now?: Non-Governmental Organizations, Journalists and Multimedia. New York: Peter Lang.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wright, Kate, Scott, Martin, and Bunce, Melanie. 2020. “Soft Power, Hard News: How Journalists at State-Funded Transnational Media Legitimize Their Work.” International Journal of Press/Politics Online First 25(4): 607–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wucherpfennig, Julian et al. 2011. “Politically Relevant Ethnic Groups across Space and Time: Introducing the GeoEPR Dataset.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 28(5): 423–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wurie Khan, Amadu. 1998. “Journalism & Armed Conflict in Africa: The Civil War in Sierra Leone.” Review of African Political Economy 25(78): 585–97.Google Scholar

Wyn-Harris, Percy. 1947. “Letter to Provincial Commissioners and District Commissioners.”Google Scholar

Zacher, Meghan, Nyseth Nzitarira, Hollie, and Savelsberg, Joachim. 2014. “NGOs, IOs, and the ICC: Diagnosing and Framing Darfur.” Sociological Forum 29(1): 29–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe. 2003. “Academic Freedom in the Neo-Liberal Order: Governments, Globalization, Governance and Gender.” Journal of Higher Education in Africa 1(1): 149–94.Google Scholar

Zelizer, Barbie, Boczkowski, Pablo J., and Anderson, Christopher W.. 2021. The Journalism Manifesto. Cambridge, UK: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar