What does immigrant incorporation mean to immigrants themselves? This chapter examines how individual migrants at the micro-level negotiate macro-level policies and meso-level organizations in the process of becoming permanent members of their societies. I discuss intra-national variations at two different levels: (1) between policies and practices (or between policy intent, interpretation, and outcomes) and (2) between subcategories of migrants. Based on focus group interviews with over twenty immigrant communities in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, this chapter constructs a critical account of how state policies and mediating institutions shape choices for immigrant political empowerment. I explore how immigrants define themselves in relation to their receiving societies and to other immigrants, how they negotiate the formal rules and institutions that govern their legal status, and how their interactions with civil-society organizations shape their understandings of their rights and responsibilities.