Achen, Christopher. 1978. “Measuring Representation.” American Journal of Political Science 22: 477–510.Google Scholar

Achen, Christopher and Bartels, Larry. 2016. Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andeweg, Rudy B. 2013. “Parties in Parliament: The Blurring of Opposition.” In Mueller, Wolfgang C. and Narud, Hanne Marthe, eds., Party Governance and Party Democracy: Festschrift to Kaare Strom. New York: Springer, 99–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arrow, Kenneth J. 1951. Social Choice and Individual Values. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Ascencio, Sergio Bonfil and Powell, G. Bingham. 2016. “Party System Polarization: Citizen Perception, Manifesto Statements, and Change.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar

Bakker, Ryan, de Vries, Catherine, Edwards, Erica, Hooghe, Liesbet, Jolly, Seth, Marks, Gary, Polk, Jonathan, Rovny, Jan, Steenbergen, Marco, and Vachudova, Milada. 2015. “Measuring Party Positions in Europe: The Chapel Hill Expert Survey Trend File, 1999–2010.” Party Politics 21: 143–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bale, T. and Bergman, T.. 2006a. “Captives No Longer, but Servants Still? Contract Parliamentarianism and the New Minority Governance in Sweden and New Zealand.” Government and Opposition 41 (3): 422–449.Google Scholar

Bale, T. and Bergman, T.. 2006b. “A Taste of Honey Is Worse than None at All? Coping with the Generic Challenges of Support Party Status in Sweden and New Zealand.” Party Politics 12 (2): 189–209.Google Scholar

Bartels, Larry M. 2014. “Ideology and Retrospection in Electoral Responses to the Great Recession.” In Bermeo, Nancy and Bartels, Larry, eds., Mass Politics in Tough Times. New York: Oxford University Press, 185–223.Google Scholar

Bernhardt, Laurent. 2016. “The 2015 Swiss Federal Elections: The Radical Right Strikes Back.” West European Politics 39: 879–889.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Best, Robin E. 2013. “Using the Manifesto Estimates to Correct Systematic ‘Centering’ Error in Expert and Electoral Positioning of Parties.” In Volkens, Andrea et al., eds., Mapping Policy Preferences from Texts III. New York: Oxford University Press, 33–48.Google Scholar

Best, Robin E. and Dow, Jay. 2014. “Measuring Party System Polarization: Strategies and Performance.” Presented at the annual meeting of Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar

Best, Robin E. and McDonald, Michael D.. 2011. “The Role of Party Policy Positions in the Operation of Democracy.” In Dalton, Russell J. and Anderson, Christopher J., eds., Citizens, Context and Choice. New York: Oxford University Press, 79–102.Google Scholar

Blais, A. and Bodet, M. A.. 2006. “Does Proportional Representation Foster Closer Congruence between Citizens and Policymakers?” Comparative Political Studies 39: 1243–1263.Google Scholar

Browne, Eric C. and Franklin, Mark N.. 1973. “Aspects of Coalition Payoffs in European Parliamentary Democracies.” American Political Science Review 67: 453–469.Google Scholar

Budge, Ian, Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, and Tanenbaum, Eric. 2001. Mapping Policy Preferences. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Budge, Ian, McDonald, Michael D., Pennings, Paul, and Keman, Hans. 2012. Organizing Democratic Choice: Party Representation over Time. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Busch, Kathrin B. 2016. “Estimating Parties’ Left-Right Positions: Determinants of Voters’ Perceptions Proximity to Party Ideology.” Electoral Studies 41: 159–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Angus, Campbell, Converse, Philip E., Miller, Warren E., and Stokes, Donald E.. 1960. The American Voter. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Carey, John M. and Hix, Simon. 2011. “The Electoral Sweet Spot: Low-Magnitude Proportional Electoral Systems.” American Journal of Political Science 55 (2): 383–397.Google Scholar

Carroll, Royce and Cox, Gary W.. 2007. “The Logic of Gamson’s Law: Pre-election Coalitions and Portfolio Allocations.” American Journal of Political Science 51: 300–313.Google Scholar

Cohen, Carl. 1971. Democracy. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Comparative Study of Electoral Systems. www.cses.org. Data downloaded in April 2015 and previously.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W. 1990. “Centripetal and Centrifugal Incentives under Alternative Voting Institutions.” American Journal of Political Science 34: 903–935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, Gary W. 1997. Making Votes Count: Strategic Coordination in the World’s Electoral Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crombez, Christophe. 1996. “Minority Governments, Minimal Winning Coalitions and Surplus Majorities in Parliamentary Systems.” European Journal of Political Research 29: 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dahl, Robert A. 1989. Democracy and Its Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell J. 1985. “Political Parties and Political Representation: Party Supporters and Party Elites in Nine Nations.” Comparative Political Studies 18: 267–299.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell J. 2008. “The Quantity and Quality of Party Systems: Party System Polarization, Its Measurement and Its Consequences.” Comparative Political Studies 41: 899–920.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell J. 2011. “Left-Right Orientations, Context, and Voting Choices.” In Dalton, R. and Anderson, C., eds., Citizens, Context and Choice. New York: Oxford University Press, 103–125.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell J. 2017. “Party Representation across Multiple Issue Dimensions.” Party Politics 6: 609–622.Google Scholar

Dalton, Russell J., Farrell, David M., and McAllister, Ian. 2011. Political Parties and Democratic Linkage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Diamond, Larry. 2015. “Facing Up to the Democratic Recession.” Journal of Democracy 26: 141–155.Google Scholar

Doering, Herbert, ed. 1995. Parliaments and Majority Rule in Western Europe. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Doering, H. and Hellstrom, J.. 2013. “Coalition Formation in European Democracies.” West European Politics 36: 683–703.Google Scholar

Doering, Holger and Manow, Philip. 2012. “Parliament and Government Composition Database (ParlGov): An Infrastructure for Empirical Information on Parties, Elections and Governments in Modern Democracies.” www.parlgov.org. Data downloaded in July 2014.Google Scholar

Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Duch, Raymond and Stevenson, Randolph. 2008. The Economic Vote: How Political and Economic Institutions Condition Election Results. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Duverger, M. 1954. Political Parties: Their Organization and Activity in the Modern State. Trans. B. North and R. North. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Erikson, Robert S, MacKuen, Michael B. and James, A. Simson. 2002. The Macro Polity. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Ferland, Benjamin. 2016. “Revisiting the Ideological Congruence Controversy.” European Journal of Political Research 55: 358–373.Google Scholar

Ferree, Karen, Powell, G. Bingham Jr., and Scheiner, Ethan. 2014. “Context, Electoral Rules, and Party Systems.” Annual Reviews of Political Science 17: 421–439.Google Scholar

Fisher, Stephen and Hobolt, Sara. 2010. “Coalition Government and Electoral Accountability.” Electoral Studies 29: 358–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flemming, J. C. and Damgaard, E.. 2008. “Parliamentary Opposition under Minority Parliamentarism.” Journal of Legislative Studies 14 (1–2): 46–76.Google Scholar

Fortunato, David. 2017. “The Electoral Implications of Coalition Policy Making.” British Journal of Political Science. Online.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fortunato, David, Stevenson, Randolph T., and Vonnahme, Greg. 2016. “Context and Political Knowledge: Explaining Cross-National Variation in Partisan Left-Right Knowledge.” Journal of Politics 78 (4), 1211–1228.Google Scholar

Franzmann, Simon T. 2009. “The Change of Ideology: How the Left-Right Cleavage Transforms into Issue Competition; an Analysis of Party Systems Using Party Manifesto Data.” Cologne: KUPS. http://d-nb.info/100342645x/34. Accessed in October 2018.Google Scholar

Franzmann, Simon T. 2015. “Towards a Real Comparison of Left-Right Indices: A Comment on Jahn.” Party Politics 21: 821–828.Google Scholar

Franzmann, Simon T. and Kaiser, Andre. 2006. “Locating Political Parties in Policy Space: A Reanalysis of Party Manifesto Data.” Party Politics 12: 163–188.Google Scholar

Freedom House. 2016. Freedom in the World 2016. Latham: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar

Gallagher, Michael. 1991. “Proportionality, Disproportionality, and Electoral Systems.” Electoral Studies 10: 33–51.Google Scholar

Gallagher, Michael. 2014. “Electoral Institutions and Representation.” In LeDuc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard G., and Norris, Pippa, eds., Comparing Democracies 4: Elections Voting in a Changing World. Los Angeles: Sage, 11–31.Google Scholar

Gamson, William A. 1961. “A Theory of Coalition Formation.” American Sociological Review 26: 373–382.Google Scholar

Glasgow, Garrett, Golder, Matt, and Golder, Sona. 2011. “Who Wins? Determining the Party of the Prime Minister.” American Journal of Political Science 55: 937–954.Google Scholar

Golder, Matt and Ferland, Benjamin. 2018. “Electoral Systems and Citizen-Elite Ideological Congruence.” In Herron, Erik, Pekkanen, Robert, and Shugart, Matthew, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Electoral Systems. New York: Oxford University Press, 213–245.Google Scholar

Golder, Matt and Lloyd, Gabriella. 2014. “Re-evaluating the Relationship between Electoral Rules and Ideological Congruence.” European Journal of Political Research 53: 200–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Golder, Matt and Stramski, Jacek. 2010. “Ideological Congruence and Electoral Institutions: Two Visions of Democracy.” American Journal of Political Science 54: 90–106.Google Scholar

Golder, Matt, Golder, Sona, and Siegel, David. 2012. “Modeling the Institutional Foundation of Parliamentary Government Formation.” Journal of Politics 74: 427–445.Google Scholar

Golder, Sona Nadenichek. 2006. The Logic of Pre-Electoral Coalition Formation. Columbus: Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar

Graham, Benjamin A. T., Miller, Michael K. and Strom, Kaare W.. 2017. “Safeguarding Democracy: Powersharing and Democratic Survival.” American Political Science Review 111: 686–704.Google Scholar

Grofman, Bernard. 2004. “Downs and Two-Party Convergence.” Annual Review of Political Science 7: 25–46.Google Scholar

Gudgin, Graham and Taylor, Peter John. 1979. Seats, Votes and the Spatial Organization of Elections. London: Pion.Google Scholar

Htun, Mala and Bingham Powell, G. Jr., eds. 2013. Political Science, Electoral Rules and Democratic Governance. Washington, DC: American Political Science Association.Google Scholar

Huber, John D. and Powell, G. Bingham. 1994. “Congruence between Citizens and Policymakers in Two Visions of Liberal Democracy.” World Politics 46: 291–326.Google Scholar

Inglehart, Ronald. 1984. “The Changing Structure of Political Cleavages in Western Societies.” In Dalton, Russell et al., eds., Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Societies. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 25–69.Google Scholar

Kalandrakis, Anastasis. 2015. “A Theory of Minority and Majority Governments.” Political Science Research and Methods 3: 309–328.Google Scholar

Kedar, O. 2009. Voting for Policy, Not Parties: How Voters Compensate for Power Sharing. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kim, HeeMin, Bingham, Powell G., and Fording, Richard C.. 2010. “Electoral Systems, Party Systems and Ideological Representation.” Comparative Politics 42: 167–186.Google Scholar

Kim, HeeMin and Fording, Richard C.. 1998. “Voter Ideology in Western Democracies.” European Journal of Political Research 33: 73–97.Google Scholar

Kim, HeeMin and Fording, Richard C.. 2002. “Government Partisanship in Western Democracies, 1945–1998.” European Journal of Political Research 41: 187–206.Google Scholar

Kim, HeeMin and Fording, Richard C.. 2003. “Voter Ideology in Western Democracies: An Update.” European Journal of Political Research 42: 95–105.Google Scholar

King, Anthony and Crewe, Ivor. 2013. The Blunders of Our Governments. London: One World.Google Scholar

Kitschelt, Herbert and Kselman, Daniel M.. 2012. “Economic Development, Democratic Experience, and Political Parties’ Linkage Strategies.” Comparative Political Studies 46: 1453–1484.Google Scholar

Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Volkens, Andrea, Bara, Judith, Budge, Ian, and McDonald, Michael M.. 2006. Mapping Policy Preferences II. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Laakso, Markku and Taagepera, Rein. 1979. “‘Effective’ Number of Parties: A Measure with Applications to Western Europe.” Comparative Political Studies 12: 3–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laver, Michael. 1998. “Models of Government Formation.” Annual Review of Political Science 1: 1–25.Google Scholar

Laver, Michael and Budge, Ian, eds. 1992. Party Policy and Coalition Government in Western Europe. London: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Laver, Michael and Hunt, W. Ben. 1992. Policy and Party Competition. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Laver, Michael and Shepsle, Kenneth. 1996. Making and Breaking Governments: Cabinets and Legislatures in Parliamentary Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Laver, Michael and Schofield, Norman. 1990. Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalition I Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lazersfeld, Paul F., Berelson, Bernard, and Gaudet, Hazel. 1948. The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. 2nd ed. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Levitsky, Steven and Ziblatt, Daniel. 2018. How Democracies Die. New York: Crown.Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend. 1984. Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend. 1994. Electoral Systems and Party Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lijphart, Arend. 1999. Patterns of Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Linder, Wolf. 1998. Swiss Democracy: Possible Solutions to Conflict in Multicultural Societies. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Lipset, Seymour Martin and Rokkan, Stein, eds. 1967. Party Systems and Voter Alignments. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Mansbridge, Jane. 2003. “Rethinking Representation.” American Political Science Review 97: 515–528.Google Scholar

Mansbridge, Jane. 2011. “Clarifying the Concept of Representation.” American Political Science Review 105: 621–630.Google Scholar

Martin, Lanny W. 2015. “The Allocation of Ministries in Multiparty Governments.” Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, San Francisco.Google Scholar

Martin, Lanny W. and Stevenson, Randolph. 2001. “Government Formation in Parliamentary Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science 45: 33–50.Google Scholar

Martin, Lanny W. and Stevenson, Randolph. 2010. “The Conditional Impact of Incumbency on Government Formation.” American Political Science Review 104: 503–518.Google Scholar

Martin, Lanny W. and Vanberg, Geog. 2011. Parliaments and Coalitions: The Role of Legislative Institutions in Multiparty Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Martin, Lanny W. and Vanberg, Geog. 2014. “Parties and Policymaking in Multiparty Governments: The Legislative Median, Ministerial Autonomy and the Coalition Compromise.” American Journal of Political Science 58: 979–996.Google Scholar

McDonald, Michael D. and Budge, Ian. 2005. Elections, Parties, Democracy: Conferring the Median Mandate. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McDonald, Michael D., Budge, Ian, and Best, Robin. 2012. “Electoral Majorities, Political Parties and Collective Representation.” Comparative Political Studies 45: 1104–1131.Google Scholar

McDonald, Michael D., Mendes, Silvia M., and Budge, Ian. 2004. “What Are Elections For? Conferring the Median Mandate.” British Journal of Political Science 34: 1–26.Google Scholar

Mill, John Stuart. [1861] 1958. Considerations on Representative Government. Ed. Shields, C. V.. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar

Miller, Warren E. and Stokes, Donald. 1963. “Constituency Influence in Congress.” American Political Science Review 57: 165–177.Google Scholar

Mitchell, Paul and Nyblade, Benjamin. 2008. “Government Formation and Cabinet Type.” In Strom, Kaare, Muller, Wolfgang C., and Bergman, Torbjorn, eds., Cabinets and Coalition Bargaining. New York: Oxford University Press, 201–236.Google Scholar

Mueller, Wolfgang C. and Strom, Kaare, eds. 2000. Coalition Governments in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Piotrowska, Barbara M. and Powell, G. Bingham. 2017. “Ideological ‘Defections’ and Their Consequences.” Paper delivered at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar

Pitkin, Hannah. 1967. The Concept of Representation. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Polk, Jonathan, Rovny, Jan, Bakker, Ryan, Edwards, Erica, Hooghe, Liesbet, Jolly, Seth, Koedam, Jelle, Kostelka, Filip, Marks, Gary, Schumacher, Gijs, Steenbergen, Marco, Vachudova, Milada, and Zilovic, Marko. 2017. “Explaining the Salience of Anti-elitism and Reducing Political Corruption for Political Parties in Europe with the 2014 Chapel Hill Expert Survey Data.” Research and Politics, January–March, 1–9.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2000. Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2004. “Political Representation in Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 7: 273–296.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2006. “Election Laws and Representative Government.” British Journal of Political Science 36: 291–315.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2009. “The Ideological Congruence Controversy.” Comparative Political Studies 42: 1475–1497.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2011. “Party Polarization and the Ideological Congruence of Governments.” In Dalton, R. and Anderson, C., eds., Citizens, Context and Choice. New York: Oxford University Press, 197–213.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2013a. “Representation in Context: Election Laws and Ideological Congruence between Citizens and Governments.” Perspectives on Politics 11: 9–21.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2013b. “Party System Polarization and Ideological Congruence.” Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2014a. “Congruence with Whom: Responsiveness to What?” Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2014b. “Ideological Congruence in Western and Eastern Europe: The Puzzle of the Median Legislator.” Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham. 2014c. “Why Elections Matter.” In LeDuc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard G., and Norris, Pippa, eds., Comparing Democracies 4: Elections and Voting in a Changing World. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 187–204.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham, and Vanberg, Georg. 2000. “Election Laws, Disproportionality and the Left-Right Dimension.” British Journal of Political Science 30: 383–411.Google Scholar

Powell, G. Bingham, Warwick, Paul V., Best, Robin E., Budge, Ian, and McDonald, Michael. 2018. Symposium, “Ideological Congruence: Illusion or Imperfection.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 43: 3–36.Google Scholar

Przworski, Adam, Stokes, Susan C., and Manin, Bernard. 1999. Democracy, Accountability and Representation. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Rae, Douglas. (1967) 1971. The Political Consequences of Election Laws. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Rehfield, Andrew. 2009. “Representation Rethought: On Trustees, Delegates and Gyroscopes.” American Political Science Review 103: 214–230.Google Scholar

Riker, William. 1982a. Liberalism against Populism. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar

Riker, William. 1982b. “The Two-Party System and Duverger’s Law.” American Political Science Review 76: 753–766.Google Scholar

Rohrschneider, Robert and Whitefield, Stephen. 2012. The Strain of Representation: How Parties Represent Diverse Voters in Western and Eastern Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Rose, Richard. (1980) 1984. Do Parties Make a Difference? Chatham: Chatham House.Google Scholar

Sabel, Andrew. 2015. “Two Cultures of Democratic Theory.” Perspectives on Politics 13: 345–365.Google Scholar

Sartori, Giovianni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schofield, Norman and Sened, Itai. 2006. Multiparty Democracy: Elections and Legislative Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Schwindt-Bayer, Leslie and Tavits, Margit. 2016. Clarity of Responsibility, Accountability and Corruption. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Sharkansky, Mattan I. 2015. “Bypassing Parliament: Why Proportional Elections Produce Majoritarian Results.” Unpublished manuscript.Google Scholar

Shugart, Matthew S. 2009. “Comparative Electoral Systems Research.” In Gallagher, Michael and Mitchell, Paul, eds., The Politics of Electoral Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 25–56.Google Scholar

Stokes, S. 2001. Mandates and Democracy: Neoliberalism by Surprise in Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stokes, Susan C., Dunning, Thad, Nazareno, Marcelo, and Brusco, Valeria.  2013.  Brokers, Voters, and Clientelism: The Puzzle of Distributive Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Strom, Kaare. 1984. “Minority Governments in Parliamentary Democracies.” Comparative Political Studies 17: 199–227.Google Scholar

Strom, Kaare. 1990. Minority Government and Majority Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Strom, Kaare. 1994. “The Presthus Debacle: Intraparty Politics and Bargaining Failure in Norway.” American Political Science Review 88 (1): 112–127.Google Scholar

Strom, Kaare, Mueller, Wolfgang C., and Bergman, Torbjorn, eds. 2008. Cabinets and Coalition Bargaining: The Democratic Life Cycle in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Taagepera, Rein and Shugart, Matthew. 1989. Seats and Votes: The Effects and Determinants of Electoral Systems. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Thomassen, Jacques. 2005. The European Voter: A Comparative Study of Modern Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Thomson, R., Royed, T., and Naurin, E.. 2010. “The Program-to-Policy Linkage.” Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Thomson, R., Royed, Terry, Naurin, Elin, Artes, Joaquin, Costello, Rory, Ennser-Jedenastik, Laurenz, Ferguson, Mark, Kostadinova, Petia, Moury, Catherine, Petry, Francois, and Schermann, Katrin. 2014. “Explaining the Fulfillment of Election Pledges.” Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington, DC.Google Scholar

Thomson, R., Royed, Terry, Naurin, Elin, Artes, Joaquin, Costello, Rory, Duval, Dominic, Ferguson, Mark, Kostadinova, Petia, Moury, Catherin, Petry, Francois, and Praprotnik, Katrin. 2016. “Out of Government, but Not out of Touch.” Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar

Thomson, R., Royed, Terry, Naurin, Elin, Artes, Joaquin, Costello, Rory, Ennser-Jedenastik, Laurenz, Ferguson, Mark, Kostadinova, Petia, Moury, Catherine, Petry, Francois, and Praprotnik, Katrin. 2017. “The Fulfillment of Parties’ Election Pledges: A Comparative Study on the Impact of Power-Sharing.” American Journal of Political Science 61: 527–542.Google Scholar

Valen, Henry. 2003. “The Storting Election in Norway, September 2001.” Electoral Studies 22: 179–185.Google Scholar

Volkens, Andrea, Lacewell, Onawa, Lehmann, Pola, Regel, Sven, Schultz, Henrike, and Werker, Annika. 2012. “The Manifesto Data Collection.” Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fuer Sozialforschung. http://manifestoproject.wzb.eu. Downloaded in June 2013.Google Scholar

Warren, Mark E. 2011. “Voting with Your Feet: Exit-Based Empowerment in Democratic Theory.” American Political Science Review 105: 683–701.Google Scholar

Warwick, Paul V. 1994. Government Survival in Parliamentary Democracies. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Warwick, Paul V. 2010. “Bilateralism or the Median Mandate.” European Journal of Political Research 49: 1–24.Google Scholar

Warwick, Paul V. 2011. “Voters, Parties, and Declared Government Policy.” Comparative Political Studies 44 (12): 1675–1699.Google Scholar

Warwick, Paul V. 2016. “The Ideological Congruence Illusion: The Impact of Valence.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 41: 445–469.Google Scholar

Warwick, Paul V. and Druckman, James N.. 2006. “The Portfolio Allocation Paradox: An Investigation into the Nature of a Very Strong but Puzzling Relationship.” European Journal of Political Research 45: 635–665.Google Scholar

Warwick, Paul V. and Zakharova, Maria. 2013. “Measuring the Median: The Risks of Inferring Beliefs from Votes.” British Journal of Political Science 43 (1): 157–175.Google Scholar

Wliezen, Christopher. 2014. “Election Campaigns.” In LeDuc, Lawrence, Niemi, Richard, and Norris, Pippa, eds., Comparing Democracies 4: Elections and Voting in a Changing World. London: Sage, 76–95.Google Scholar