Chapter 2 described territorial strategies in several different species. As the examples suggested, the specific forms of territorial functioning adopted were contingent upon resource distribution and social organization. Turning to primates, we saw that although some do engage in territorial functioning, other species, including some of our nearest phylogenetic neighbors, do not rely primarily on a territorial arrangement. Consequently, the question emerged In what ways might territorial functioning have enhanced the fitness of early hominids as they evolved from pongids? In Chapter 3 Lovejoy's male provisioning model provided the rationale for a home-based spatial organization, and considerations of diet, hunting, and defense from predation suggested that a small group, territorial-based system may have enhanced the inclusive fitness of protohominids and, later, early hominids.

Organization of the chapter

In this chapter we attempt to go further, more clearly specifying the exact forms of evolutionarily driven mechanisms responsible for the transmittal, development, and elaboration of territorial functioning. Within an evolutionary framework, there are three perspectives directly pertinent to territorial functioning. Very loosely, these are the instinct, group-based conservation, and sociobiology perspectives. The first, albeit dismissible, deserves mention given the popularity it has had. The second is noteworthy because it focuses attention on the relationship between the organisms in question, and their impacts on the ecology. The third perspective, sociobiology, is one on which we shall spend some time. Among sociobiologists, three “schools” can be distinguished those focusing on genetic transmission, those focusing on gene-culture interactions, and those focusing on cultural transmission.