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27 - Evolutionary Medicine, Immunity, and Infectious Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 August 2012

By
Michael P. Muehlenbein
Edited by
Michael P. Muehlenbein
Michael P. Muehlenbein
Affiliation:
Indiana University, Bloomington
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Summary

The purpose of this chapter is to provide readers with introductions to several topics central to a modern understanding of human evolutionary biology. Infectious pathogens have placed critical selective constraints on the evolution of our hominin ancestors, and our own species continues to coevolve with infectious organisms today. Our understanding of the processes that shaped this evolutionary struggle have changed, and now an adaptationist perspective offered by the discipline of evolutionary medicine helps to shed light on our vulnerabilities to infectious diseases and noninfectious degenerative diseases. It also aids in our understanding of the purpose and outcomes of our coevolutionary conflicts with the microscopic predators that parasitize us. So as to compete in these interactions, we have developed a marvelously complex immune system capable of dynamic, varied responses. Insight into these mechanisms provides fascinating examples of real-time Darwinian processes of survival and fitness maximization in the face of invading competitors within the human host. Interestingly the ontogeny and deployment of these responses are dependent on several factors, including genetic and ecological constraints.

The discussion offered below provides an introduction to evolutionary medicine with the specific purpose of better understanding human–pathogen coevolution and the development of human immune responses. A current, detailed description of human immunity is included, but this discussion is far from complete. Comparative aspects of evolutionary immunology are emphasized, as are the genetic and ecological sources of variation in these responses.

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Human Evolutionary Biology , pp. 459 - 490
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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