Female Genital Mutilation and Pregnancy (Content last reviewed: 15th March 2020)

Chapter 3 - Female Genital Mutilation and Pregnancy (Content last reviewed: 15th March 2020)

from Section 1 - Prepregnancy Problems

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 November 2017

Sarah M. Creighton and

Edited by

Bernard Gonik and

David James: Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
Philip Steer: Affiliation:
Imperial College London
Carl Weiner: Affiliation:
University of Kansas
Bernard Gonik: Affiliation:
Wayne State University, Detroit
Stephen Robson: Affiliation:
University of Newcastle

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Female genital mutilation (FGM) presents a unique challenge for obstetricians as management encompasses clinical, legal, and safeguarding aspects. Some clinicians will feel confident dealing with FGM and its consequences, having worked in high-prevalence areas. Others, having worked mainly in regions with a low prevalence of FGM, may complete their training without ever seeing a case. The aim of this chapter is to familiarize obstetricians with the law surrounding FGM, the risks posed to pregnant women, and management during pregnancy.

Type: Chapter
Information: High-Risk Pregnancy
Management Options
, pp. 45 - 52

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108349185 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

First published in: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

World Health Organization. Classification of female genital mutilation. Geneva: WHO, 2007. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/overview/en (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar

UNICEF. Female genital mutilation/cutting. http://www.unicef.org/protection/57929_58002.html (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar

World Health Organization. Female genital mutilation. Factsheet # 241. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar

UNICEF. Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change. UNICEF, 2013. http://data.unicef.org/resources/female-genital-mutilationcutting-statistical-overview-exploration-dynamics-change (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar

Macfarlane, A, Dorkenoo, E. Female Genital Mutilation in England & Wales. Updated statistical estimates of the numbers of affected women living in England and Wales and girls at risk 2014. London: Equality Now and City University London, 2015. https://www.city.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/282388/FGM-statistics-final-report-21-07-15-released-text.pdf (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar

Equality Now. FGM in the United States. http://www.equalitynow.org/infographic_fgm_in_us (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar

UK Government. Serious Crime Act. 2015 c.9 Part 5. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2015/9/part/5/crossheading/female-genital-mutilation/enacted (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar

Essén, B, Hanson, BS, Östergren, PO, Lindquist, PG, Gudmundsson, S. Increased perinatal mortality among sub-Saharan immigrants in a city-population in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2000; 79: 737–43. doi: 10.3109/00016340009169187.CrossRef Google Scholar

Small, R, Gagnon, A, Gissler, M, et al. Somali women and their pregnancy outcomes postmigration: data from six receiving countries. BJOG 2008; 115: 1630–40.Google Scholar

Malin, M, Gissler, M. Maternal care and birth outcomes among ethnic minority women in Finland. BMC Public Health 2009; 9: 84.Google Scholar

Zanconato, G, Iacovella, C, Parazzini, F, Bergamini, V, Franchi, M. Pregnancy outcome of migrant women delivering in a public institution in northern Italy. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2011; 72: 157–62.Google Scholar

Iavazzo, C, Sardi, TA, Gkegkes, ID. Female genital mutilation and infections: a systematic review of the clinical evidence. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 287: 1137–49.Google Scholar

Schnarr, J, Smaill, F. Asymptomatic bacteriuria and symptomatic urinary tract infection in pregnancy. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38 (Suppl. 2): 50–7.Google Scholar

Farkash, E, Wientraub, AY, Sergienko, R, et al. Acute antepartum pyelonephritis in pregnancy: a critical analysis of risk factors and outcomes. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2012; 162: 24–7.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Mazor-Dray, E, Levy, A, Schlaeffer, F, Sheiner, E. Maternal urinary tract infection: is it independently associated with adverse pregnancy outcome? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009; 22: 124–32.Google Scholar

Matuszkiewicz-Rowińska, J, Małyszko, J, Wieliczko, M. Urinary tract infections in pregnancy: old and new unresolved diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11: 67–77.Google Scholar

Banks, E, Meirik, O, Farley, T, et al.; WHO study group on female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome. Female genital mutilation and obstetric outcome: WHO collaborative prospective study in six African countries. Lancet 2006; 367: 1835–41.Google Scholar

Berg, RC, Odgaard-Jensen, J, Fretheim, A, Underland, V, Vist, G. An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the obstetric consequences of female genital mutilation/ cutting. Obstet Gynecol Int 2014; 2014: 542859. doi: 10.1155/2014/542859.Google Scholar

Berggren, V, Gottvall, K, Isman, E, Bergström, S, Ekéus, C. Infibulated women have an increased risk of anal sphincter tears at delivery: a population-based Swedish register study of 250 000 births. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2013; 92: 101–8.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Department of Health. Female Genital Mutilation Risk and Safeguarding: Guidance for Professionals. London: DoH, 2016. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/418564/2903800_DH_FGM_Accessible_v0.1.pdf (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar

Health and Social Care Information Centre. The Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) Enhanced Dataset (SCCI 2026). https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/female-genital-mutilation-jan-mar-2016-enhanced-dataset (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar

Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Female Genital Mutilation and its Management. Green-top Guideline No. 53. London: RCOG, 2015. Appendix 3. https://www.rcog.org.uk/en/guidelines-research-services/guidelines/gtg53 (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar

FGM National Clinical Group. De-infibulation video resource. http://www.fgmresource.com (accessed March 2017).Google Scholar