Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T23:20:07.380Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Changing Behavior Using the Health Belief Model and Protection Motivation Theory

from Part I - Theory and Behavior Change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 July 2020

Martin S. Hagger
Affiliation:
University of California, Merced
Linda D. Cameron
Affiliation:
University of California, Merced
Kyra Hamilton
Affiliation:
Griffith University
Nelli Hankonen
Affiliation:
University of Helsinki
Taru Lintunen
Affiliation:
University of Jyväskylä
Get access

Summary

The health belief model and protection motivation theory are two of the earliest formulated expectancy-value accounts of behavior change. Across nearly six decades, the importance of these accounts has persisted. Both models advocate that behavior change is a consequence of two important processes: threat appraisal comprising the extent to which an individual perceives personal susceptibility to a consequence, combined with the severity of that consequence, and coping appraisal comprising evaluations of the likely efficacy of a recommended action to reduce threat, expectations that taking that action will involve difficulties and psychological costs, and personal efficacy to achieve behavior change. Multiple studies support the predictive validity of the models and many interventions have been developed based on the theoretical principles provided. Behavior change based on these models requires careful consideration of behavior-specific cognitions and careful targeting of these cognitions. Moreover, behavior change interventions should target threat appraisal enhancement only in combination with detailed and extensive training or communication that targets efficacy to enact behavior change.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abraham, C. S., Sheeran, P., Abrams, D., & Spears, R. (1994). Exploring teenagers’ adaptive and maladaptive thinking in relation to the threat of HIV infection. Psychology and Health, 9, 253272. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449408407485CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albarracín, D., Gillete, J. C., Earl, A. N., Glasman, L. R., & Durantini, M. R. (2005). A test of major assumptions about behaviour change: A comprehensive look at the effects of passive and active HIV interventions since the beginning of the epidemic. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 856897. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.856Google Scholar
Anderson, R. T., Camacho, F., Iaconi, A. I., Tegeler, C. H., & Balkrishnan, R. (2011). Enhancing the effectiveness of community stroke risk screening: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, 20, 330335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.02.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ashley, D. N., Boothe, L. G., & Pearson, M. R. (2016). Risky electronic communication behaviors and cyberbullying victimisation: An application of Protection Motivation Theory. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 508513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.010Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Towards a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191Google Scholar
Becker, M. H., Haefner, D. P., Kasl, S. V., Kirscht, J. P., Maiman, L. A., & Rosenstock, I. M. (1977). Selected psychosocial models and correlates of individual health-related behaviors. Medical Care, 15, 2746. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-197705001-00005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, M. H., Haefner, D. P., & Maiman, L. A. (1977). The health belief model in the prediction of dietary compliance: A field experiment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 18, 348366. https://doi.org/10.2307/2955344Google Scholar
Ben-Ahron, V., White, D., & Phillips, K. (1995). Encouraging drinking at safe limits on single occasions: The potential contribution of protection motivation theory. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 30, 633639. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a045774Google ScholarPubMed
Borland, R. (2018). Misinterpreting theory and ignoring evidence: Fear appeals can actually work: A comment on Kok et al. (2018). Health Psychology Review, 12, 126128. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1445545CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, N. T., Hall, M. G., & Noar, S. M. (2018). Pictorial cigarette pack warnings increase quitting: A comment on Kok et al. Health Psychology Review, 12, 129132. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1445544Google Scholar
Carpenter, C. J. (2010). A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of health belief model variables in predicting behavior. Health Communication, 25, 661669. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2010.521906Google Scholar
CDC (Centers for Disease Control). (2013). Health Behaviors of Adults: United States, 2008–2010. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
Cheung, M. W. L., & Hong, R. Y. (2017). Applications of meta-analytic structural equation modeling in health psychology: Examples, issues, and recommendations. Health Psychology Review, 11, 265279. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2017.1343678CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Floyd, D. L., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 407429. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02323.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haefner, D. P., & Kirscht, J. P. (1970). Motivational and behavioral effects of modifying health beliefs. Public Health Reports, 85, 478484.Google Scholar
Hagger, M. S., Koch, S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Orbell, S. (2017). The common-sense model of self-regulation: Meta-analysis and test of a process model. Psychological Bulletin, 143, 11171154. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000118Google Scholar
Hanus, B., & Wu, Y. A. (2016). Impact of users’ security awareness on desktop security behavior: A protection motivation theory perspective. Information Systems Management, 33, 216. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2015.1117842Google Scholar
Harrison, J. A., Mullen, P. D., & Green, L. W. (1992). A meta-analysis of studies of the health belief model with adults. Health Education Research, 7, 107116. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/7.1.107CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hochbaum, G. M. (1958). Public Participation in Medical Screening Programs: A Socio-psychological Study. Public Health Service Publication 572. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Hodgkins, S. & Orbell, S. (1998) Does protection-motivation theory predict behavior? A longitudinal test and exploration of the role of previous behavior. Psychology and Health, 13, 237250. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449808406749CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of Behaviour: An Introduction to Behaviour Theory. Oxford: Appleton-Century.Google Scholar
Janz, N., & Becker, M. H. (1984). The health belief model: A decade later. Health Education Quarterly, 11, 147. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019818401100101Google Scholar
Jones, C. J., Smith, H., & Llewellyn, C. (2013). Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions in improving adherence: A systematic review. Health Psychology Review, 8, 253269.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kok, G., Peters, G.-J. Y., Kessels, L. T. E., Hoor, G. A., & Ruiter, R. A. C. (2018). Ignoring theory and misinterpreting evidence: The false belief in fear appeals. Health Psychology Review, 12, 111125. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2017.1415767.Google Scholar
Malouff, J. M. (2018). What constitutes evidence that fear appeals have positive effects on health behaviour? Commentary on Kok, Peters, Kessels, ten Hoor, and Ruiter (2018). Health Psychology Review, 12, 133135. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1445541CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melamed, S., Rabinowitz, S., Feiner, M., & Weisberg, E. (1996). Usefulness of protection motivation theory in explaining hearing protection device use among male industrial workers. Health Psychology, 15, 209215. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.15.3.209CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milne, S., Orbell, S., & Sheeran, P. (2002). Combining motivational and volitional interventions to promote exercise participation: Protection motivation theory and implementation intentions. British Journal of Health Psychology, 7, 163184. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910702169420CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and intervention in health-related behavior: A meta-analytic review of protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 106143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02308.xGoogle Scholar
Niederdeppe, J., & Kemp, D. (2018). Ignoring theory and evidence: Commentary on Kok et al. (2018). Health Psychology Review, 12, 136139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1445543Google Scholar
Orbell, S., Crombie, I., & Johnston, G. (1996) Social cognition and social structure in the prediction of cervical screening uptake. British Journal of Health Psychology, 1, 3550. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8287.1996.tb00490.xCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orbell, S., & Hagger, M. S. (2006). Temporal framing and the decision to take part in Type 2 diabetes screening: Effects of individual differences in consideration of future consequences on persuasion. Health Psychology, 25, 537548. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.25.4.537Google Scholar
Orbell, S., & Kyriakai, M. (2008). Temporal framing and persuasion to adopt preventive health behavior: Moderating effects of individual differences in consideration of future consequences on sunscreen use. Health Psychology, 27, 770779. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.6.770Google Scholar
Orbell, S., Perugini, M., & Rakow, T. (2004). Individual differences in sensitivity to health communications: Consideration of future consequences. Health Psychology, 23, 388396. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.23.4.388CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orbell, S., Sczepura, A., Gumber, A., Weller, D., & Hagger, M. S. (2017). South Asian ethnicity, socio-economic status and psychological mediators of faecal occult colorectal screening participation: A test of a process model. Health Psychology, 36, 11611172. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000525CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, G.-J. Y., Ruiter, R. A. C., & Kok, G. (2013). Threatening communication: A critical re-analysis and a revised meta-analytic test of fear appeal theory. Health Psychology Review, 7, S8S31. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2012.703527Google Scholar
Peters, G.-J. Y., Ruiter, R. A. C., ten Hoor, G. A., Kessels, L. T. E., & Kok, G. (2018). Towards consensus on fear appeals: A rejoinder to the commentaries on Kok, Peters, Kessels, ten Hoor, and Ruiter (2018). Health Psychology Review, 12, 151156. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1454846CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peters, E., & Shoots-Reinhard, B. (2018). Don’t throw the baby out with the bath water: Commentary on Kok, Peters, Kessels, ten Hoor, and Ruiter (2018). Health Psychology Review, 12, 140143. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1445542CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rickett, B., Orbell, S., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Social-cognitive determinants of joist usage among health care workers. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 11, 182196. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.11.2.182Google Scholar
Rippetoe, P. A., & Rogers, R. W. (1987). Effects of components of protection motivation theory on adaptive and maladaptive coping with a health threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 596604. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.596Google Scholar
Roberto, A. J., Mongeau, P. A., & Liu, Y. (2018). A (re)defining moment for fear appeals: A comment on Kok et al. (2018). Health Psychology Review, 12, 144146. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1445546CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, R. W. (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. Journal of Psychology, 91, 93114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803Google Scholar
Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In Cacioppo, J. T. & Petty, R. E. (Eds.). Social Psychophysiology: A Source Book (pp. 153176). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Rosenstock, I. M. (1966). Why people use health services. Millbank Memorial Fund Quarterly, 44, 94124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0009.2005.00425.xGoogle Scholar
Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2, 328335. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019817400200403CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salloway, J. C., Pletcher, W. R., & Collins, J. J. (1978). Sociological and social psychological models of compliance with prescribed regimen: In search of a synthesis. Sociological Symposium, 23, 100121.Google Scholar
Sheeran, P., Harris, E., & Epton, T. (2014). Does heightening risk appraisals change people’s intentions and behaviour? A meta-analytic review of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 511543. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033065Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1938). The Behaviour of Organisms: An Experimental Analysis. New York: Appleton- Century.Google Scholar
Strecher, V. J., Kreuter, M., DenBoer, D. J., Kobrin, S., Hospers, H. J., & Skinner, C. S. (1994). The effects of computer tailored smoking cessation messages in family practice settings. Journal of Family Practice, 39, 262270.Google Scholar
Tannenbaum, M. B., Hepler, J., Zimmerman, R. S. et al. (2015). Appealing to fear: A meta-analysis of fear appeal effectiveness and theories. Psychological Bulletin, 141, 11781204. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tola, H. H., Shojaeizadeh, D., Tol, A. et al. (2016). Psychological and educational intervention to improve tuberculosis treatment adherence in Ethiopia based on health belief model: A cluster randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 11, e0155147. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155147.Google Scholar
Weinstein, N. D., & Nicolich, M. (1993). Correct and incorrect interpretations of correlations between risk perceptions and risk behaviors. Health Psychology, 12, 235245. https://doi.org/10.1037//0278-6133.12.3.235CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whitaker, K. L., Good, A., Miles, A., Robb, K., & Wardle, J. (2011). Socioeconomic inequalities in colorectal cancer screening uptake: Does time perspective play a role? Health Psychology, 30, 702709. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023941CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, B. X., & Albarracín, D. (2018). Investigating belief falsehood. Fear appeals do change behaviour in experimental laboratory studies. A commentary on Kok et al. (2018). Health Psychology Review, 12, 147150. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1448292Google Scholar
Witte, K., & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education and Behavior, 27, 591615. https://doi.org/10.1177/109019810002700506Google Scholar
Zahid, H. (2019). Cultural influences on representation, coping and prevention of illness. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Essex.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×