Abramowitz, Alan I. 2010. The Disappearing Center: Engaged Citizens, Polarization, and American Democracy. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

American Political Science Association, 1950. “Toward a More Responsible Two-Party System: A Report of the Committee on Political Parties.” American Political Science Review 44 (September): 1–14.Google Scholar

Arieff, Irwin B. 1979. “House Freshmen Republicans Seek Role as Power Brokers.” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, July 7, 1339–45.Google Scholar

Bolton, Alexander. 2007. “Senate GOP Begins Repair of Messaging,” The Hill, January 17.Google Scholar

Cook, Timothy E. 1989. Making Laws and Making News: Media Strategies in the U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W., and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1993. Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W., and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 2005. Setting the Agenda: Responsible Party Government in the U.S. House of Representatives. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Egar, William T. 2016. “Tarnishing Opponents, Polarizing Congress: The House Minority Party and the Construction of the Roll-Call Record.” Legislative Studies Quarterly. doi: 10.1111/lsq.12135Google Scholar

Evans, C. Lawrence. 2001. “Committees, Leaders, and Message Politics.” In Congress Reconsidered, 7th ed., Dodd, Lawrence C. and Oppenheimer, Bruce I., eds. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 217–43.Google Scholar

Evans, C. Lawrence, and Oleszek, Walter J.. 2002. “Message Politics and Senate Procedure.” In The Contentious Senate: Partisanship, Ideology, and the Myth of Cool Judgment, Campbell, Colton C. and Rae, Nicol C., eds. New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 107–30.Google Scholar

Fenno, Richard F. 1973. Congressmen in Committees. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.Google Scholar

Fiorina, Morris P., Abrams, Samuel J., and Pope, Jeremy C.. 2005. Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America. New York: Pearson Longman.Google Scholar

Jones, Charles O. 1970. The Minority Party in Congress. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar

Gailey, Phil. 1982. “From Majority Leader to Minority Leader.” New York Times, March 9, A20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilmour, John B. 1995. Strategic Disagreement: Stalemate in American Politics. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Glassman, Matthew. 2012. “Congressional Leadership: A Resource Perspective.” In Party and Procedure in the United States Congress, Straus, Jacob R., ed., Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 15–34.Google Scholar

Green, Matthew N. 2010. The Speaker of the House: A Study of Leadership. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Green, Matthew N. 2015. Underdog Politics: The Minority Party in the U.S. House of Representatives. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grimmer, Justin, Messing, Solomon, and Westwood, Sean J.. 2012. “How Words and Money Cultivate a Personal Vote: The Effect of Legislator Credit Claiming on Constituent Credit Allocation.” American Political Science Review 106 (4): 703–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Groseclose, Tim, and McCarty, Nolan. 2001. “The Politics of Blame: Bargaining before an Audience.” American Journal of Political Science 45: 100–19.Google Scholar

Grove, Benjamin. 2005. “In Reid’s War Room, the Battle Rages On.” Las Vegas Sun, November 6.Google Scholar

Gugliotta, Guy and Eilperin, Juliet. 1998. “Gingrich Steps Down in Face of Rebellion.” Washington Post, November 7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, Douglas B. 1998. “The Rise of the Public Speakership.” Political Science Quarterly 113 (2): 193–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harris, Douglas B. 2005. “Orchestrating Party Talk: A Party-Based View of One-Minute Speeches in the House of Representatives.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 30 (1): 127–41.Google Scholar

Hess, Stephen. 1991. Live from Capitol Hill: Studies of Congress and the Media. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar

Hulse, Carl. 2006. “G.O.P. in House Gears Up for New Leadership Fight.” New York Times, November 15.Google Scholar

Jacobson, Gary C. 2012. The Politics of Congressional Elections, 8th edition. New York: Pearson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krehbiel, Keith. 1998. Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Kucinich, Jackie. 2009. “Boehner Expands GOP Communications Plans.” Roll Call, April 13, www.rollcall.com/issues/54_115/-33933-1.html.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, Frances E. 2011. “Making Laws and Making Points: Senate Governance in an Era of Uncertain Majorities.” The Forum 9 (4): Article 3.Google Scholar

Mackaman, Frank H., ed. 1981. Understanding Congressional Leadership. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.Google Scholar

Malbin, Michael J. 1977. “The Senate Republican Leaders: Life Without a President.” National Journal, May 21, 776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Malecha, Gary Lee, and Reagan, Daniel J.. 2012. The Public Congress: Congressional Deliberation in a New Media Age. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Mayhew, David R. 1974. Congress: The Electoral Connection. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Mayhew, David R. 1991. Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Parnes, Amie. 2008. “GOP Senators Using Online System.” Politico, May 22.Google Scholar

Peabody, Robert L. 1981. “Senate Party Leadership: From the 1950s to the 1980s.” In Understanding Congressional Leadership, Mackaman, Frank H., ed. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.Google Scholar

Peterson, R. Eric, Reynolds, Parker H., and Wilhelm, Amber Hope. 2010. “House of Representatives and Senate Staff Levels in Member, Committee, Leadership, and Other Offices, 1977–2010.” Congressional Research Service Report, R41366, August 10.Google Scholar

Pew Research Center. 2015. “A Deep Dive Into Party Affiliation: Sharp Differences by Race, Gender, Generation, Education,” April 7, www.people-press.org/2015/04/07/a-deep-dive-into-party-affiliation/.Google Scholar

Pierce, Emily. 2010. “Reid Turns Messaging Over to Schumer, Stabenow.” Roll Call, November 15.Google Scholar

Remini, Robert V. 2006. The House: The History of the House of Representatives. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar

Rich, Spencer. 1977. “New Staff, Mission Planned for Senate GOP Policy Unit.” Washington Post, January 1, A4.Google Scholar

Roberts, Steven V. 1981. “In Era of Permanent Campaign, Parties Look to 1982.” New York Times, January 26.Google Scholar

Roberts, Steven V. 1983. “One Conservative Faults Two Parties.” New York Times, August 11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rohde, David W. 1991. Parties and Leaders in the Postreform House. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schlesinger, Joseph A. 1985. “The New American Political Party.” American Political Science Review 79 (4): 1152–69.Google Scholar

Schlesinger, Joseph A. 1991. Political Parties and the Winning of Office. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Sellers, Patrick. 2010. Cycles of Spin: Strategic Communication in the U.S. Congress. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

“The Senator from Tennessee May Hold the Key to Reagan’s Economic Plans.” 1981. National Journal, April 11.Google Scholar

Sinclair, Barbara. 1983. Majority Leadership in the U.S. House. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sinclair, Barbara. 1989. The Transformation of the U. S. Senate. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Sinclair, Barbara. 1995. Legislators, Leaders, and Lawmaking. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Sinclair, Barbara. 2006. Party Wars: Polarization and the Politics of National Policy Making. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Steven S. 2007. Party Influence in Congress. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Stanton, John. 2006. “Frist Launches Message Shop.” Roll Call, January 19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ansolabehere, Stephen, Snyder, James, and Stewart, Charles III. 2001. “Candidate Positioning in U.S. House Elections.” American Journal of Political Science 45(1): 136–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Binder, Sarah. 1999. “The Dynamics of Legislative Gridlock, 1947–96.” American Political Science Review 93(3): 519–533.Google Scholar

Binder, Sarah. 2003. Stalemate: Causes and Consequences of Legislative Gridlock. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carroll, Royce C., Lewis, Jeffrey B., Lo, James, Poole, Keith T., and Rosenthal, Howard. 2009. “Comparing NOMINATE and IDEAL: Points of Difference and a Monte Carlo Test.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 34(4): 555–592.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carroll, Royce C., Poole, Keith T., Rosenthal, Howard, Lewis, Jeffrey B., and Lo, James. 2013. “The Structure of Utility in Spatial Models of Voting.” American Journal of Political Science 57(4): 1008–1028.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clinton, Joshua. 2012. “Using Roll Call Estimates to Test Models of Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 15: 79–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clinton, Joshua D. and Lapinski, John S.. 2006. “Measuring Legislative Accomplishment, 1877–1946.” American Journal of Political Science 50(1): 232–249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clinton, Joshua D. and Lapinski, John S.. 2008. “Laws and Roll Calls in the U.S. Congress, 1891–1994.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 33(4): 511–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clinton, Joshua D. and Jackman, Simon. 2009. “To Simulate or NOMINATE?” Legislative Studies Quarterly XXXIV(4): 593–622.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coleman, John. 1999. “Unified Government, Divided Government, and Party Responsiveness.” American Political Science Review 93(4): 821–835.Google Scholar

Edwards, George C. III, Barrett, Andrew, and Peake, Jeffrey. 1997. “The Legislative Impact of Divided Government.” American Journal of Political Science 41(2): 545–563.Google Scholar

Fahrenthold, David A., Rucker, Philip, and Sonmez, Felicia. 2010. “Stormy 111th Congress Was Still the Most Productive in Decades.” Washington Post December 23, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/22/AR2010122205620.html.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Groseclose, Tim, Levitt, Steven, and Snyder, James Jr. 1999. “Comparing Interest Group Scores Across Time and Chambers: Adjusted ADA Scores for the U.S. Congress.” American Political Science Review 93(1) 33–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hetherington, Marc. 2009. “Putting Polarization in Perspective.” British Journal of Political Science 39(2009): 413–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, David R. 2001. “Party Polarization and Legislative Gridlock.” Political Research Quarterly 54: 125–41.Google Scholar

Katznelson, Ira. 2011. “Historical Approaches to the Study of Congress: Toward a Congressional Vantage on American Political Development.” In The Oxford Handbook of The American Congress. Schickler, Eric and Lee, Frances E., eds. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Katznelson, Ira. 2012. Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time. New York: Liveright/W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Katnelson, Ira and Lapinski, John. 2006. “The Substance of Representation: Studying Policy Content and Legislative Behavior.” In The Macropolitics of Congress. Adler, E. Scott and Lapinski, John, eds. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katznelson, Ira and Mulroy, Quinn Weber. 2012. “Was the South Pivotal? Situated Partisanship and Policy Coalitions during the New Deal and Fair Deal.” Journal of Politics 74(April): 604–620.Google Scholar

Key, V.O. 1949. Southern Politics in State and Nation. New York: Knopf.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krehbiel, Keith. 1998. Pivotal Politics: A Theory of U.S. Lawmaking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krehbiel, Keith. 2000. “Party Discipline and Measures of Partisanship.” American Journal of Political Science 44(2): 212–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lapinski, John. 2008. “Policy Substance and Performance in American Lawmaking, 1877–1994.” American Journal of Political Science 52(2): 235–251.Google Scholar

Lapinski, John. 2013. The Substance of Representation: Congress, American Political Development and Lawmaking. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, Frances E. 2008. “Agreeing to Disagree: Agenda Content and Senate Partisanship, 1981–2004.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 33(May): 199–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, Frances E. 2009. Beyond Ideology: Politics, Principles and Partisanship in the U.S. Senate. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mayhew, David. 1966. Party Loyalty Among Congressmen. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Mayhew, David. 1991. Divided We Govern: Party Control, Lawmaking, and Investigations, 1946–1990. New Haven: Yale University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mayhew, David. 2005. “Wars and American Politics.” Perspectives on Politics 3(September): 473–493.Google Scholar

McCarty, Nolan. 2007. “The Policy Consequences of Political Polarization.” In The Transformation of American Politics: Activist Government and the Rise of Conservatism. Pierson, Paul and Skocpol, Theda, eds. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith, and Rosenthal, Howard. 2003. “Political Polarization and Income Inequality.” Princeton University Working Paper.Google Scholar

McCarty, Nolan, Poole, Keith, and Rosenthal, Howard. 2006. Polarized America: The Dance of Ideology and Unequal Riches. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Patterson, James T. 1967. Congressional Conservatism and the New Deal: The Growth of the Conservative Coalition in Congress, 1933–1939. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Piketty, Thomas and Saez, Emmanuel. 2003. “Income Inequality in the United States, 1913–1998.” Quarterly Journal of Economics CXVIII (1): 1–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poole, Keith. 2005. Spatial Models of Parliamentary Voting. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poole, Keith and Daniels, Stephen. 1985. “Ideology, Party, and Voting in the U.S. Congress.” American Political Science Review 79(2): 373–399.Google Scholar

Poole, Keith and Rosenthal, Howard. 1997. Congress: A Political-Economic History of Roll Call Voting. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Poole, Keith and Rosenthal, Howard. 2007. Ideology and Congress. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Press.Google Scholar

Schaffner, Brian. 2011. Politics, Parties, and Elections in America, 7th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wawro, Gregory J. and Katznelson, Ira. 2013. “Designing Historical Social Scientific Inquiry: How Parameter Heterogeneity Can Bridge the Methodological Divide between Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches.” American Journal of Political Science. Published online 20 August.Google Scholar