Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-j824f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-09T09:01:49.237Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

4 - Low-Gravity Flames

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 June 2020

Charles E. Baukal, Jr.
Affiliation:
John Zink Co. LLC
Ajay K. Agarwal
Affiliation:
University of Alabama
Sandra Olson
Affiliation:
NASA Glenn Research Center
Michael J. Gollner
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Timothy J. Jacobs
Affiliation:
Texas A&M University
Mark Vaccari
Affiliation:
John Zink Hamworthy Combustion
Get access

Summary

Our perception of a flame is strongly grounded in gravity’s influence. From our every interaction with fire from the first birthday candles we blew out, we each build an intuitive understanding of how a flame interacts with the hot air rising via buoyant convection. As researchers, our perceptions of how flames respond to our controls are unconsciously biased by this intrinsic buoyant flow.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Buckmaster, J. D., Ronney, P. D., Flame ball drift in the presence of a total diffusive heat flux, Twenty-Seventh International Symposium on Combustion, Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1998, 26032610.Google Scholar
Kwon, O. C., Abid, M., Liu, J. B., Ronney, P. D., Struk, P. M., Weiland, K. J., Structure of Flame Balls at Low Lewis-number (SOFBALL) Experiment, Paper No. 2004-0289, 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, January 5–8, 2004.Google Scholar
Ronney, P. D., Understanding combustion processes through microgravity research, Twenty-Seventh International Symposium on Combustion, Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1998, 24852506 (invited paper).Google Scholar
Ronney, P. D., Wu, M. S., Pearlman, H. G., Weiland, K. J., Experimental study of flame balls in space: preliminary results from STS-83, AIAA Journal 36 (1998), 13611368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, M.-S., Liu, J. B., Ronney, P. D., Numerical simulation of diluent effects on flame ball structure and dynamics, Twenty-Seventh International Symposium on Combustion, Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, 1998, 25432550.Google Scholar

Reference

Santa, K. J., Chao, B. H., Sunderland, P. B., Urban, D. L., Stocker, D. P., Axelbaum, R. L., Radiative extinction of gaseous spherical diffusion flames in microgravity, Combustion and Flame 151 (2007), 665675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reference

Ma, B., Cao, S., Giassi, D., Stocker, D. P., Takahashi, F., Bennett, B. A. V., Smooke, M. D., Long, M. B., An experimental and computational study of soot formation in a coflow jet flame under microgravity and normal gravity, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35 (2015), 839846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Hermanson, J., Johari, H., Stocker, D., Hegde, U.. Buoyancy effects in strongly pulsed turbulent diffusion flames, Combustion and Flame 139 (2004), 6176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hermanson, J., Sangras, R., Johari, H., Usowicz, J.. Effects of coflow on turbulent flame puffs, AIAA Journal 40, 7 (2002), 13551362.Google Scholar
Fregeau, M., Hermanson, J., Stocker, D., Hegde, U.. Turbulent structure dynamics of buoyant and non-buoyant pulsed jet diffusion flames, Combustion Science and Technology, 182, 3 (2010), 309330.Google Scholar

References

Dietrich, D. L., Nayagam, V., Hicks, M. C., Ferkul, P. V., Dryer, F. L., Farouk, T., et al., Droplet combustion experiments aboard the international space station, Microgravity Science and Technology 26 (2014), 6576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nayagam, V., Haggard, J. B. Jr., Colantonio, R. O., Marchese, A. J., Dryer, F. L., Microgravity n–heptane droplet combustion in oxygen–helium mixtures at atmospheric pressure, AIAA J 36, 8 (1998), 13691377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Dietrich, D. L., Nayagam, V., Hicks, M. C., Ferkul, P. V., Dryer, F. L., Farouk, T., et al., Droplet combustion experiments aboard the International Space Station, Microgravity Science and Technology 26 (2014), 6576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nayagam, V., Dietrich, D. L., Ferkul, P. V., Hicks, M. C., Williams, F. A., Can cool flames support quasi-steady droplet burning? Combustion and Flame 159 (2012), 35833588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Percolation model: Mikami, M., Saputro, H., Seo, T., and Oyagi, H., Flame Spread and Group-Combustion Excitation in Randomly Distributed Droplet Clouds with Low-Volatility Fuel near the Excitation Limit: a Percolation Approach Based on Flame-Spread Characteristics in Microgravity, Microgravity Sci. Technol., Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 419–433 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12217–018-9603-zCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linear array image: Mikami, M., Oyagi, H., Kojima, N., Wakashima, Y., Kikuchi, M., Yoda, S., Microgravity experiments on flame spread along fuel-droplet arrays at high temperatures, Combustion and Flame 146 (2006), 391406.Google Scholar
Mikami, M., Kikuchi, M., Kan, Y., Seo, T., Nomura, H., Suganuma, Y., Moriue, O., Dietrich, D. L., Droplet cloud combustion experiment “Group Combustion” in KIBO on ISS, International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application 33 (2016), 330208.Google Scholar

References

Dietrich, D. L., Ross, H. D., Shu, Y., Chang, P., T’ien, J. S., Candle flames in non-buoyant atmospheres, Combustion Science and Technology 156 (2000), 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alsairafi, A., Lee, S.-T., T’ien, J. S., Modeling gravity effect on diffusion flames stabilized around a cylindrical wick saturated with liquid fuel, Combustion Science and Technology 176 (2004), 21652191.Google Scholar
Chan, W. Y., T’ien, J. S., An experiment on spontaneous flame oscillation prior to extinction, Combustion Science and Technology 18 (1978), 139.Google Scholar
Raju, M. P., T’ien, J. S., Modeling of candle burning with a self-trimmed wick, Combustion Theory and Modelling 12, 2 (2008), 367388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Ferkul, P. V., Olson, S. L., Johnston, M. C., T’ien, J. S., Flammability aspects of fabric in opposed and concurrent air flow in microgravity, 8th U.S. National Combustion Meeting, Paper # 070HE-0218 (2013).Google Scholar
Takahashi, F., Ferkul, P., Olson, S., Katta, V. R., Burning characteristics of paraffin and japan wax candle flames in a low-speed oxidizing stream in microgravity, 29th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research, Orlando, FL, November 3–8, 2013.Google Scholar

References

Olson, S. L., Ferkul, P. V., Bhattacharjee, S., Miller, F. J., Fernandez-Pello, C., Link, S., et al., Results from on-board CSA-CP and CDM sensor readings during the Burning and Suppression of Solids – II (BASS–II) experiment in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG), ICES–2015–196, 45th International Conference on Environmental Systems, July 12–16, 2015, Bellevue, WA.Google Scholar
Endo, M., Numerical modeling of flame spread over spherical solid fuel under low speed flow in microgravity: model development and comparison to space flight experiments. Electronic Dissertation. Case Western Reserve University, 2016. https://etd.ohiolink.edu/Google Scholar

References

Endo, M., Numerical modeling of flame spread over spherical solid fuel under low speed flow in microgravity: model development and comparison to space flight experiments, PhD Dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, February 2016.Google Scholar
Endo, M., T’ien, J. S., Ferkul, P. V., Olson, S. L., Experimental data analysis and numerical modeling of flame spread on a PMMA sphere in microgravity, presented at the 32nd annual meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR), Cleveland, OH, October 26–29, 2016.Google Scholar
Olson, S. L., Ferkul, P. V., Bhattacharjee, S., Miller, F. J., Fernandez-Pello, C., Link, S., et al., Results from on-board CSA-CP and CDM sensor readings during the Burning and Suppression of Solids – II (BASS–II) experiment in the Microgravity Science Glovebox (MSG), ICES–2015–196, 45th International Conference on Environmental Systems, July 12–16, 2015, Bellevue, WA.Google Scholar

References

Olson, S. L. and Ferkul, P. V., Microgravity flammability boundary for PMMA rods in axial stagnation flow: experimental results and energy balance analyses, Combustion and Flame 180 (2017), 217229.Google Scholar
Dietrich, D. L., Ross, H. D., Shu, Y., T’ien, J. S., Candle flames in non-buoyant atmospheres, Combustion Science and Technology 156, 1 (2000), 124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Marcum, J. W., Olson, S. L., Ferkul, P. V., Mixed convection blowoff limits as a function of oxygen concentration and upward forced stretch rate for burning PMMA rods of various sizes, 47th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Charleston, SC, July 16–20, 2017,Google Scholar
Olson, S., Ferkul, P., Microgravity flammability boundary for PMMA rods in axial stagnation flow: experimental results and energy balance analyses, Combustion and Flame 180 (2017), 217229.Google Scholar
Olson, S. L., Ferkul, P. V., Marcum, J. W., Analysis of high speed video of PMMA rod blowoff, 33rd annual meeting of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR), Renton, WA, October 25–28, 2017.Google Scholar

References

Link, S., Huang, X., Fernandez-Pello, C., Olson, S., Ferkul, P., The effect of gravity on flame spread over PMMA cylinders, Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Article 120 (2018).Google Scholar
Di Blasi, C., Crescitelli, S., Russo, G., Fernandez-Pello, C., Predictions of the dependence on the opposed flow characteristics of the flame spread rate over thick solid fuel, Fire Safety Science 2 (1989), 119128.Google Scholar
Fernandez-Pello, C., Ray, S., Glassman, I., Downward flame spread in an opposed forced flow, Combustion Science and Technology 19 (1978), 1930.Google Scholar

References

Steinberg, T. A., Wilson, D. B., Benz, F. J., The burning of metals and alloys in microgravity, Combustion and Flame 88 (1992), 309320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steinberg, T. A., Wilson, D. B., Benz, F. J., Microgravity and normal gravity combustion of metals and alloys in high pressure oxygen, Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Vol. 6, ASTM STP1197, 1993.Google Scholar

Reference

Olson, S. L., Tien, J. S.. Near surface vapor bubble layers in buoyant low stretch burning of polymethyl-methacrylate, Fire and Materials 23 (1999), 227237.Google Scholar

Reference

Olson, S. L., Miller, F. J., Experimental comparison of opposed and concurrent flame spread in a forced convective microgravity environment, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32, 2(2009), 24452452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reference

Olson, S. L., Lee, J. R., Fujita, O., Kikuchi, M., Kashiwagi, T., Quantitative infrared image analysis of simultaneous upstream and downstream microgravity flame spread over thermally-thin cellulose in low speed forced flow, 8th U.S. National Combustion Meeting, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, May 19–22, 2013.Google Scholar

Reference

Jomaas, G., Torero, J. L., Eigenbrod, C., Niehaus, J., Olson, S. L., Ferkul, P. V., et al., Fire safety in space – beyond flammability testing of small sample, Acta Astronautica 109 (2015), 208216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Zhao, X., Liao, Y.–T. T., Johnston, M. C., T’ien, J. S., Ferkul, P. V., Olson, S. L., Concurrent flame growth, spread and quenching over composite fabric samples in low speed purely forced flow in microgravity, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 36 (2017), 29712978.Google Scholar
Ferkul, P. V., T’ien, J. S., A model of low-speed concurrent flow flame spread over a thin fuel, Combustion Science and Technology 99 (1994), 345370.Google Scholar
Tseng, Y.-T., and T’ien, J. S., Limiting length, steady spread and non-growing flames in concurrent flow over solids, Journal of Heat Transfer 132 (2010), 091201.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reference

Kleinhenz, J., T’ien, J. S., Combustion of Nomex® III fabric in potential space habitat atmospheres: cyclic flame spread phenomena, Combustion Science and Technology 179 (2007), 21532169.Google Scholar

References

Olson, S. L., Radiative exchange during concurrent flame spread in microgravity, Presented at the 2014 Spring Technical Meeting of the Central States Section of the Combustion Institute, Tulsa, OK, March 16–18, 2014.Google Scholar
Shih, H.-Y., Flame spread and interactions in an array of thin solids in low-speed concurrent flows, Comb. Theory Modeling 13, 3(2009), 443459.Google Scholar

References

Bhattacharjee, S., Bundy, M., Paolini, C., Patel, G., Tran, W., A novel apparatus for flame spread study, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34, 2 (2013), 25132521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharjee, S., Laue, M., Carmignani, L., Ferkul, P. V., Olson, S. L., Opposed-flow flame spread: a comparison of microgravity and normal gravity experiments to establish the thermal regime, Fire Safety Journal 79 (2016), 111118.Google Scholar
Bhattacharjee, S., Paolini, C., Tran, W., Villaraza, J. R., Takahashi, S., Temperature and CO2 fields of a downward spreading flame over thin cellulose: a comparison of experimental and computational results, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35, 3 (2015), 26652672.Google Scholar
Bhattacharjee, S., Tran, W., Laue, M., Paolini, C., Nakamura, Y., Experimental validation of a correlation capturing the boundary layer effect on spread rate in the kinetic regime of opposed-flow flame spread, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 35, 3 (2015), 26312638.Google Scholar

References

Bhattacharjee, S., Simsek, A., Olson, S. L., Ferkul, P. V., The critical flow velocity for radiative extinction in opposed-flow flame spread in a microgravity environment: a comparison of experimental, computational, and theoretical results, Combustion and Flame 163 (2016), 472477.Google Scholar
Bhattacharjee, S., Laue, M., Carmignani, L., Ferkul, P. V., Olson, S. L., Opposed-flow flame spread: a comparison of microgravity and normal gravity experiments to establish the thermal regime, Fire Safety Journal 79 (2016), 111118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharjee, S., Simsek, A., Miller, F., Olson, S., Ferkul, P., Radiative, thermal, and kinetic regimes of opposed-flow flame spread: A comparison between experiment and theory, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 36 (2017), 29632969.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Wichman, I. S., Olson, S. L., Miller, F. J., Hariharan, A., Fire in microgravity, American Scientist, 104 (2016), 4451.Google Scholar
Wichman, I. S., Olson, S. L., Miller, F. J., Tanaya, S. A., Experimental evaluation of flame and flamelet spread over cellulosic materials using the narrow channel apparatus, Fire & Materials 37 (2013), 503519.Google Scholar
Olson, S. L., Miller, F. J., Jahangirian, S., Wichman, I. S., Flame spread over thin fuels in actual and simulated microgravity conditions, Combustion and Flame 156 (2009), 12141226.Google Scholar
Olson, S. L., Miller, F. J., Wichman, I. S., Characterizing fingering flamelets using the logistic model, Combustion Theory and Modelling 10, 2 (2006), 323347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reference

Olson, S. L., Baum, H. R., Kashiwagi, T., Finger-like smoldering over thin cellulosic sheets in microgravity, Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 27 (1998), 25252533.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×