Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T05:34:35.061Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 12 - Refining Interview Protocols for Online Interviews on the Employment of Persons with Down Syndrome

Insights from a Pilot Test

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2024

Paul M.W. Hackett
Affiliation:
Emerson College, Boston
Christopher M. Hayre
Affiliation:
The University of Canberra
Dave Muller
Affiliation:
Suffolk University, Massachusetts
Marcia Scherer
Affiliation:
University of Rochester Medical Center, New York
Ava Gordley-Smith
Affiliation:
University of Suffolk
Get access

Summary

This chapter explores and provides guidance on the e-Delphi method, and challenges in ethical recruitment, data management, and security.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Future of Qualitative Research in Healthcare
The Role and Management of Digital Methods
, pp. 185 - 217
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abd Gani, N. I., Rathakrishnan, M., & Krishnasamy, H. N. (2020). A Pilot Test for Establishing Validity and Reliability of Qualitative Interview in the Blended Learning English Proficiency Course. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.05.23.Google Scholar
Abrams, K. M., Wang, Z., Song, Y. J., & Galindo-Gonzalez, S. (2015). Data Richness Trade-Offs Between Face-to-Face, Online Audiovisual, and Online Text-Only Focus Groups. Social Science Computer Review, 33(1), 8096. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439313519733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ang, M. C. H. (2017). The Challenges and Benefits of Employing Persons with Disabilities: The Japanese Multinational Corporations’ Perspective. International Journal of Innovation, Management and Technology, 359–66. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijimt.2017.8.5.754.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arksey, H., & Knight, P. (1999). Interviewing for Social Scientists. SAGE Publications, Ltd. http://methods.sagepub.com/book/interviewing-for-social-scientists.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, T. L. (1994). Doing Social Research (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Begley, C. M. (1996). Triangulation of Communication Skills in Qualitative Research Instruments. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 24(4), 688–93. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1996.02446.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bertoli, M., Biasini, G., Calignano, M. T., et al. (2011). Needs and Challenges of Daily Life for People with Down Syndrome Residing in the City of Rome, Italy. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 55(8), 801–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2011.01432.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bertrand, C., & Bourdeau, L. (2010). Research Interviews by Skype: A New Data Collection Method. In Esteves, J. (Ed.), Proceedings from the 9th European Conference on Research Methods (pp. 70–9). IE Business School.Google Scholar
Birks, M., Chapman, Y., & Francis, K. (2008). Memoing in Qualitative Research: Probing Data and Processes. Journal of Research in Nursing, 13(1), 6875. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744987107081254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Birt, L., Scott, S., Cavers, D., Campbell, C., & Walter, F. (2016). Member Checking: A Tool to Enhance Trustworthiness or Merely a Nod to Validation? Qualitative Health Research, 26(13), 1802–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316654870.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Booth, T., & Booth, W. (1996). Sounds of Silence: Narrative Research with Inarticulate Subjects. Disability & Society, 11(1), 5570. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599650023326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide for Beginners. SAGE.Google Scholar
Brinkmann, S., & Kvale, S. (2015). InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing (3rd ed.). Sage.Google Scholar
Bryman, A., & Burgess, R. G. (2002). Analyzing qualitative data. www.myilibrary.com?id=32268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Busetto, L., Wick, W., & Gumbinger, C. (2020). How to Use and Assess Qualitative Research Methods. Neurological Research and Practice, 2(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00059-z.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caiels, J., Rand, S., Crowther, T., Collins, G., & Forder, J. (2019). Exploring the Views of being a Proxy from the Perspective of Unpaid Carers and Paid Carers: Developing a Proxy Version of the Adult Social Care Outcomes Toolkit (ASCOT). BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 201. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4025-1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castillo-Montoya, M. (2016). Preparing for Interview Research: The Interview Protocol Refinement Framework. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Facts about Down syndrome. www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/birthdefects/downsyndrome.html.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). The Social-Ecological Model. Violence Prevention. www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/about/social-ecologicalmodel.html.Google Scholar
Cohen, D., & Crabtree, B. (2006). Qualitative Research Guidelines Project. www.qualres.org/HomeInte-3516.html.Google Scholar
Corbin, J., & Morse, J. M. (2003). The Unstructured Interactive Interview: Issues of Reciprocity and Risks when Dealing with Sensitive Topics. Qualitative Inquiry, 9(3), 335–54. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800403009003001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corby, D., Taggart, L., & Cousins, W. (2015). People with Intellectual Disability and Human Science Research: A Systematic Review of Phenomenological Studies using Interviews for Data Collection. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 47, 451–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2015.09.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.Google Scholar
Creswell, J. W., Hanson, W. E., Clark Plano, V. L., & Morales, A. (2007). Qualitative Research Designs: Selection and Implementation. The Counseling Psychologist, 35(2), 236–64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006287390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cummins, R. A. (2002). Proxy Responding for Subjective Well-Being: A Review. In International Review of Research in Mental Retardation (Vol. 25, pp. 183207). Elsevier. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S007477500280009X.Google Scholar
Cypress, B. S. (2017). Rigor or Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research: Perspectives, Strategies, Reconceptualization, and Recommendations. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 36(4), 253–63. https://doi.org/10.1097/DCC.0000000000000253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
D’Eath, M., McCormack, B., Fay, B., et al. (2005). Guidelines for Researchers when Interviewing People with an Intellectual Disability. www.fedvol.ie/_fileupload/File/Interviewing%20Guidelines%281%29.pdf.Google Scholar
Deakin, H., & Wakefield, K. (2014). Skype Interviewing: Reflections of Two PhD Researchers. Qualitative Research, 14(5), 603–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794113488126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DiCicco-Bloom, B., & Crabtree, B. F. (2006). The Qualitative Research Interview. Medical Education, 40(4), 314–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dikko, M. (2016). Establishing Construct Validity and Reliability: Pilot Testing of a Qualitative Interview for Research in Takaful (Islamic Insurance). The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2016.2243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodds, S., & Hess, A. C. (2020). Adapting Research Methodology during COVID-19: Lessons for Transformative Service Research. Journal of Service Management, 32(2), 203–17. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOSM-05-2020-0153.Google Scholar
Dyke, P., Bourke, J., Llewellyn, G., & Leonard, H. (2013). The Experiences of Mothers of Young Adults with an Intellectual Disability Transitioning from Secondary School to Adult Life. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 38(2), 149–62. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2013.789099.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, E. (Ed.). (2004). The International Handbook of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities. Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, E., Madden, R., Graham, H., et al. (2011). The Health of Disabled People and the Social Determinants of Health. Public Health, 125(3), 145–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2010.11.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Empson, L. (2018). Elite Interviewing in Professional Organizations. Journal of Professions and Organization, 5(1), 5869. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpo/jox010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, B. (2020). The Zoom Revolution: 10 Eye-Popping Stats from Tech’s New Superstar. Cloud Wars. https://cloudwars.co/covid-19/zoom-quarter-10-eye-popping-stats-from-techs-new-superstar/.Google Scholar
Fraser, R., Ajzen, I., Johnson, K., Hebert, J., & Chan, F. (2011). Understanding Employers’ Hiring Intention in Relation to Qualified Workers with Disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 35(1), 111. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-2011-0548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golden, S. D., & Earp, J. A. L. (2012). Social Ecological Approaches to Individuals and Their Contexts: Twenty Years of Health Promotion Interventions. Health Education & Behavior, 39(3), 364–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198111418634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guba, E. G., & Lincoln, Y. S. (1989). Fourth Generation Evaluation. Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Guillemin, M., & Heggen, K. (2009). Rapport and Respect: Negotiating Ethical Relations between Researcher and Participant. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 12(3), 291–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11019-008-9165-8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hai-Jew, S. (Ed.). (2015). Enhancing Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research with Technology. IGI Global. http://services.igi-global.com/resolvedoi/resolve.aspx?doi=10.4018/978-1-4666-6493-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartley, S. L., & MacLean, W. E. (2006). A Review of the Reliability and Validity of Likert-Type Scales for People with Intellectual Disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(11), 813–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00844.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartnett, E., Gallagher, P., Kiernan, G., et al. (2008). Day Service Programmes for People with a Severe Intellectual Disability and Quality of Life: Parent and Staff Perspectives. Journal of Intellectual Disabilities, 12(2), 153–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1744629508091340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hollomotz, A. (2018). Successful Interviews with People with Intellectual Disability. Qualitative Research, 18(2), 153–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794117713810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houtenville, A., & Kalargyrou, V. (2012). People with Disabilities: Employers’ Perspectives on Recruitment Practices, Strategies, and Challenges in Leisure and Hospitality. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 53(1), 4052. https://doi.org/10.1177/1938965511424151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ingram, M., Wolf, A. M. A., López-Gálvez, N. I., Griffin, S. C., & Beamer, P. I. (2021). Proposing a Social Ecological Approach to Address Disparities in Occupational Exposures and Health for Low-Wage and Minority Workers Employed in Small Businesses. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 31(3), 404–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-021-00317-5.Google ScholarPubMed
Irani, E. (2019). The Use of Videoconferencing for Qualitative Interviewing: Opportunities, Challenges, and Considerations. Clinical Nursing Research, 28(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773818803170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jameson, A. (2005). Disability and Employment: Review of Literature and Research. Equal Employment Opportunities Trust.Google Scholar
Janghorban, R., Roudsari, R. L., & Taghipour, A. (2014). Skype Interviewing: The New Generation of Online Synchronous Interview in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 9(1), 24152. https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v9.24152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalia, A. (2020). The Zoom Boom: How Video-Calling Became a Blessing – And a Curse. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/21/the-zoom-boom-how-video-calling-became-a-blessing-and-a-curse.Google Scholar
Khayatzadeh-Mahani, A., Wittevrongel, K., Nicholas, D. B., & Zwicker, J. D. (2020). Prioritizing Barriers and Solutions to Improve Employment for Persons with Developmental Disabilities. Disability and Rehabilitation, 42(19), 2696–706. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1570356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kilanowski, J. F. (2017). Breadth of the Socio-Ecological Model. Journal of Agromedicine, 22(4), 295–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/1059924X.2017.1358971.Google ScholarPubMed
Kim, Y. (2011). The Pilot Study in Qualitative Inquiry: Identifying Issues and Learning Lessons for Culturally Competent Research. Qualitative Social Work, 10(2), 190206. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325010362001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krouwel, M., Jolly, K., & Greenfield, S. (2019). Comparing Skype (Video Calling) and In-Person Qualitative Interview Modes in a Study of People with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Exploratory Comparative Analysis. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 19(1), 219. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0867-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumin, L., Lazar, J., Feng, J. H., Wentz, B., & Nnanna, E. (2012). A Usability Evaluation of Workplace-Related Tasks on a Multi-Touch Tablet Computer by Adults with Down Syndrome. Journal of Usability Studies, 7(4), 118–42. https://doi.org/10.5555/2835484.2835485.Google Scholar
Lazar, J., Kumin, L., & Feng, J. H. (2011). Understanding the computer skills of adult expert users with down syndrome: an exploratory study. The proceedings of the 13th international ACM SIGACCESS conference. https://doi.org/10.1145/2049536.2049548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lijadi, A. A., & van Schalkwyk, G. J. (2015). Online Facebook Focus Group Research of Hard-to-Reach Participants. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 14(5), 160940691562138. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406915621383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, V., Gatherer, A., & Kalsy, S. (2006). Conducting Qualitative Interview Research With People With Expressive Language Difficulties. Qualitative Health Research, 16(10), 1386–404. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732306293846.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Majid, M. A. A., Othman, M., Mohamad, S. F., Lim, S. A. H., & Yusof, A. (2017). Piloting for Interviews in Qualitative Research: Operationalization and Lessons Learnt. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(4), 1073–80. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i4/2916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, C., & Stewart, F. (2009). Internet Communication and Qualitative Research: A Handbook for Researching Online (Repr ed.). SAGE Publishing.Google Scholar
Martin, G. E., Klusek, J., Estigarribia, B., & Roberts, J. E. (2009). Language Characteristics of Individuals with Down Syndrome. Topics in Language Disorders, 29(2), 112–32. https://doi.org/10.1097/tld.0b013e3181a71fe1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2015). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Minichiello, V., Aroni, R., Timewell, E., & Alexander, L. (1990). In-Depth Interviewing: Researching People (Reprint ed.). Longman.Google Scholar
Muhammad Ismail, H. I., Mohd Ibrahim, H., Ng, H. P., & Thomas, T. (Eds.). (2019). Pediatrics Protocol for Malaysian Hospitals (4th ed.). Ministry of Health, Malaysia.Google Scholar
Mundakel, G. T., & Lal, P. (2020). Down Syndrome. Medscape. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/943216-overview#a3.Google Scholar
Noble, H., & Smith, J. (2015). Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research. Evidence Based Nursing, 18(2), 34–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2015-102054CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, R. (2012). Strategies to Incorporate the Voices of People with Significant Disabilities in UCEDD Information Gathering and Operations. www.aucd.org/docs/urc/AUCD_StrategiesReport_Final.pdf.Google Scholar
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice (4th ed.). Sage.Google Scholar
Peters, J. (2020). Google’s Meet teleconferencing service now adding about 3 million users per day. The Verge. www.theverge.com/2020/4/28/21240434/google-meet-three-million-users-per-day-pichai-earnings.Google Scholar
Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T., & Hungler, B. P. (2001). Essentials of Nursing Research: Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization. Lippincott-Raven.Google Scholar
Primeau, L. A. (2003). Reflections on Self in Qualitative Research: Stories of Family. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57(1), 916. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.57.1.9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prior, M. T. (2018). Accomplishing ‘Rapport’ in Qualitative Research Interviews: Empathic Moments in Interaction. Applied Linguistics Review, 9(4), 487511. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0029.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachidi, M., & Lopes, C. (2010). Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Elucidating Neurocognitive Basis of Functional Impairments Associated with Intellectual Disability in Down Syndrome. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 115(2), 83112. https://doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-115.2.83.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Råheim, M., Magnussen, L. H., Sekse, R. J. T., et al. (2016). Researcher–Researched Rrelationship in Qualitative Research: Shifts in Positions and Researcher Vulnerability. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 11(1), 30996. https://doi.org/10.3402/qhw.v11.30996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reid, D. J., & Reid, F. J. M. (2005). Online Focus Groups: An In-depth Comparison of Computer-Mediated and Conventional Focus Group Discussions. International Journal of Market Research, 47(2), 131–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/147078530504700204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, J. K., Pavlakis, A. E., & Richards, M. P. (2021). It’s More Complicated Than It Seems: Virtual Qualitative Research in the COVID-19 Era. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 20, 160940692110029. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211002959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, R. (2020). Qualitative Interview Questions: Guidance for Novice Researchers. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4640.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodgers, J. (1999). Trying to Get it Right: Undertaking Research Involving People with Learning Difficulties. Disability & Society, 14(4), 421–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599926046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosner, I. D. (2021). From Exclusion to Inclusion: Involving People with Intellectual Disabilities in Research. Tiltai, 72(3), 119–28. https://doi.org/10.15181/tbb.v72i3.1170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmidt, N. A., & Brown, J. M. (Eds.). (2015). Evidence-Based Practice for Nurses: Appraisal and Application of Research (3rd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.Google Scholar
Schur, L., Han, K., Kim, A., et al. (2017). Disability at Work: A Look Back and Forward. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 27(4), 482–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-017-9739-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Shier, M., Graham, J. R., & Jones, M. E. (2009). Barriers to Employment as Experienced by Disabled People: A Qualitative Analysis in Calgary and Regina, Canada. Disability & Society, 24(1), 6375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687590802535485.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sundar, V., O’Neill, J., Houtenville, A. J., et al. (2018). Striving to Work and Overcoming Barriers: Employment Strategies and Successes of People with Disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 48(1), 93109. https://doi.org/10.3233/JVR-170918.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ta, T. L., & Leng, K. S. (2013). Challenges Faced by Malaysians with Disabilities in the World of Employment. Disability, CBR & Inclusive Development, 24(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.5463/dcid.v24i1.142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tassé, M. J., Schlalock, R., Thompson, J. R., & Wehmeyer, M. L. (2005). Guidelines for interviewing people with disabilities: Supports Intensity Scale. www.aaidd.org/docs/default-source/sis-docs/sisguidelinesforinterviewing.pdf.Google Scholar
Thorp-Lancaster, D. (2020). Microsoft Teams hits 75 million daily active users, up from 44 million in March. Windows Central. www.windowscentral.com/microsoft-teams-hits-75-million-daily-active-users.Google Scholar
Tomaszewski, B., Fidler, D., Talapatra, D., & Riley, K. (2018). Adaptive Behaviour, Executive Function and Employment in Adults with Down Syndrome: Employment in Adults with Down Syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 62(1), 4152. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12450.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, D. (2014). Qualitative Interview Design: A Practical Guide for Novice Investigators. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2010.1178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
UNICEF. (2016). Module I: Understanding Social Ecological Model (SEM) and Communication for Development (C4D). www.unicef.org/media/47781/file/UNICEF_2017_Report_on_Communication_for_Development_C4D.pdf.Google Scholar
van Teijlingen, E., & Hundley, V. (2002). The Importance of Pilot Studies. Nursing Standard, 16(40), 33–6. https://doi.org/10.7748/ns2002.06.16.40.33.c3214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waterhouse, P., Kimberley, H., Jonas, P., & Glover, J. (2010). What Would It Take? Employer Perspectives on Employing People with a Disability. A National Vocational Education and Training Research and Evaluation Program Report. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED508544.Google Scholar
Weir, D., Faul, J., & Langa, K. (2011). Proxy Interviews and Bias in the Distribution of Cognitive Abilities due to Non-Response in Longitudinal Studies: A Comparison of HRS and ELSA. Longitudinal and Life Course Studies, 2(2), 170–84. https://doi.org/10.14301/llcs.v2i2.116.Google ScholarPubMed
Woodyatt, C. R., Finneran, C. A., & Stephenson, R. (2016). In-Person Versus Online Focus Group Discussions: A Comparative Analysis of Data Quality. Qualitative Health Research, 26(6), 741–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732316631510.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wray, J., Archibong, U., & Walton, S. (2017). Why Undertake a Pilot in a Qualitative PhD Study? Lessons Learned to Promote Success. Nurse Researcher, 24(3), 31–5. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2017.e1416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeong, M. L., Ismail, R., Ismail, N. H., & Hamzah, M. I. (2018). Interview Protocol Refinement: Fine-Tuning Qualitative Research Interview Questions for Multi-Racial Populations in Malaysia. The Qualitative Report. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2018.3412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yin, R. K. (1994). Discovering the Future of the Case Study Method in Evaluation Research. Evaluation Practice, 15(3), 283–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-1633(94)90023-X.Google Scholar
Zhang, Y., & Wildemuth, B. M. (2009). Unstructured interviews. In B. M. Wildemuth (Ed.), Applications of social research methods to questions in information and library science (1st ed., pp. 222–31). Libraries Unlimited.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×