BBC (2014). “Rural broadband: how the money will be spent.” Retrieved from www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26338920.Google Scholar

BCG (2012). The internet economy in the G20 – the $4.2 trillion growth opportunity. Boston Consulting Group.Google Scholar

Blackman, C., Forge, S. and Horvitz, R. (2013). “Liberating Europe's radio spectrum through shared access.” info 15(2): 91–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Briglauer, W. and Gugler, K. (2013). “The deployment and penetration of high-speed fiber networks and services: Why are EU member states lagging behind?” Telecommunications Policy 37(10): 819–835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cabinet Office (2010). A strong Britain in an age of uncertainty: the national security strategy. London, UK.Google Scholar

Cheng, X., Hu, X., Yang, L., Husain, I., Inoue, K., Krein, P., Lefevre, R., Li, Y., Nishi, H. and Taiber, J. G. (2014). “Electrified vehicles and the smart grid: the ITS perspective.” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 4(15): 1388–1404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chiaraviglio, L., Mellia, M. and Neri, F. (2009). Reducing power consumption in backbone networks. IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2009. ICC' 09.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cisco (2014). “VNI forecast highlights.” Retrieved from www.cisco.com/web/solutions/sp/vni/vni_forecast_highlights/index.html.Google Scholar

Cisco (2015). The zettabyte era: trends and analysis.Google Scholar

CNNIC (2014). Statistical Report on Internet Development in China. Beijing, China, China Internet Network Information Center.Google Scholar

Coomonte, R., Feijóo, C., Ramos, S. and Gómez-Barroso, J.-L. (2013). “How much energy will your NGN consume? A model for energy consumption in next generation access networks: the case of Spain.” Telecommunications Policy 37(10): 981–1003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cornish, P., Livingstone, D., Clemente, D. and Yorke, C. (2011). Cyber security and the UK's critical national infrastructure. A Chatham House Report. London, UK, The Royal Institute of International Affairs.Google Scholar

Corrocher, N. and Cusmano, L. (2014). “The ‘KIBS engine’ of regional innovation systems: empirical evidence from European regions.” Regional Studies: The Journal of the Regional Studies Association 48(7): 1212–1226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

CSMG (2013). Research on very high bandwidth connectivity. CSMG. London, UK.Google Scholar

CST (2009). A national infrastructure for the 21st century. Council for Science and Technology. London, UK.Google Scholar

Dauvin, M. and Grzybowski, L. (2014). “Estimating broadband diffusion in the EU using NUTS 1 regional data.” Telecommunications Policy 38(1): 96–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Euroconsult (2011). Satellites to be built and launched by 2020, World Market Survey. A Euroconsult Research Report.Google Scholar

Eurostat (2014). “Glossary: e-commerce.” Retrieved from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:E-commerce.Google Scholar

Fransman, M. (2010). The new ICT ecosystem: implications for policy and regulation. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Götz, G. (2013). “Competition, regulation, and broadband access to the internet.” Telecommunications Policy 37(11): 1095–1109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haykin, S., Thomson, D. J. and Reed, J. H. (2009). “Spectrum sensing for cognitive radio.” Proceedings of the IEEE 97(5): 849–877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Helbing, D. (2013). “From technology-driven society to socially oriented technology – the future of information society – alternatives to surveillance.” Retrieved from http://futurict.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/from-technology-driven-society-to.html.Google Scholar

Horrocks, L., Beckford, J., Hodgson, N., Downing, C., Davey, R. and O'Sullivan, A. (2010). Adapting the ICT sector to the impacts of climate change – final report. Defra contract number RMP5604. AEA group.Google Scholar

Hüsig, S. (2013). “The disruptive potential of PWLAN at the country-level: the cases of Germany, the UK, and the USA.” Telecommunications Policy 37(11): 1060–1070.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

IEA (2009). World energy outlook 2009. Paris, France, International Energy Agency.Google Scholar

IEA (2014). Energy technology perspectives 2014: harnessing electricity's potential. Paris, France, International Energy Agency.Google Scholar

ITU (2014a). “ITU statistics.” Retrieved from www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/stat/default.aspx.Google Scholar

ITU (2014b). Measuring the information society 2014. Geneva, Switzerland, International Telecommunication Union.Google Scholar

Kenny, R. (2015). Exploring the costs and benefits of FTTH in the UK. A report for NESTA. London, UK.Google Scholar

Kenny, R. and Broughton, T. (2013). Domestic demand for bandwidth – an approach to forecasting requirements for the period 2013–2023. A report for the Broadband Stakeholder Group.Google Scholar

Kenny, R. and Kenny, C. (2011). “Superfast broadband: is it really worth a subsidy?” info 13(4): 3–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liebenau, J., Atkinson, R., Kärrberg, P., Castro, D. and Ezell, S. (2009). The UK's digital road to recovery. LSE Enterprise & The Information Technology and Innovation Fund.Google Scholar

London Internet Exchange (2015). “LINX traffic stats.” Retrieved from www.linx.net/pubtools/trafficstats.html.Google Scholar

Madden, G., Bohlin, E., Tran, T. and Morey, A. (2014). “Spectrum licensing, policy instruments and market entry.” Review of Industrial Organization 44(3): 277–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maral, G. and Bousquet, M. (2011). Satellite communications systems: systems, techniques and technology. Chichester, UK, John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar

Marcus, M. J. (2014). “The challenge of balancing private sector and government spectrum use.” Wireless Communications, IEEE 21(3): 8–9.Google Scholar

Medeisis, A. and Holland, O. (2014). Cognitive radio policy and regulation: techno-economic studies to facilitate dynamic spectrum access, Cham, Switzerland, Springer International Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Minervini, L. F. (2014). “Spectrum management reform: rethinking practices.” Telecommunications Policy 38(2): 136–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

NAO (2011). Information and communications technology in government – landscape review. London, UK, National Audit Office.Google Scholar

Nathan, M., Rosso, A., Gatten, T., Majmudar, P. and Mitchell, A. (2013). Measuring the UK's digital economy with big data. Growth Intelligence and The National Institute of Economic and Social Research.Google Scholar

OECD (2014). “OECD Broadband portal.” Retrieved from www.oecd.org/sti/broadband/oecdbroadbandportal.htm.Google Scholar

Ofcom (2013a). “Facts & figures.” Retrieved from http://media.ofcom.org.uk/facts/.Google Scholar

Ofcom (2013b). Infrastructure report 2013. London, UK, Ofcom.Google Scholar

Ofcom (2014a). Communications market report: UK. London, UK, Ofcom.Google Scholar

Ofcom (2014b). Infrastructure report 2014. London, UK, Ofcom.Google Scholar

Oh, E., Krishnamachari, B., Liu, X. and Niu, Z. (2011). “Toward dynamic energy-efficient operation of cellular network infrastructure.” Communications Magazine, IEEE 49(6): 56–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ONS (2014a). “E-commerce and ICT activity.” Retrieved from www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/method-quality/specific/business-and-energy/e-commerce-and-ict-activity/index.html.Google Scholar

ONS (2014b). Internet access – households and individuals, 2014: statistical bulletin. Cardiff, UK, Office for National Statistics.Google Scholar

Pickavet, M., Vereecken, W., Demeyer, S., Audenaert, P., Vermeulen, B., Develder, C., Colle, D., Dhoedt, B. and Demeester, P. (2008). Worldwide energy needs for ICT: the rise of power-aware networking. 2nd International Symposium on Advanced Networks and Telecommunication Systems, Mumbai, India.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Real Wireless (2012). Capacity techniques for wireless broadband. Real Wireless. Pulborough, UK.Google Scholar

Richharia, M. (2001). Mobile satellite communications: principles and trends. Boston, MA, USA, Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc.Google Scholar

Rubenstein, R. (2007). “Radios get smart.” Retrieved from http://spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/standards/radios-get-smart.Google Scholar

Sayah, S. (2013). “Managing work–life boundaries with information and communication technologies: the case of independent contractors.” New Technology, Work and Employment 28(3): 179–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

SIA and Futron (2011). State of the satellite industry report.Google Scholar

SQW (2013). UK broadband impact study. Cambridge, UK, SQW.Google Scholar

Tech London Advocates (2015). Joining the dots: building the infrastructure for London tech. London, UK, Tech London Advocates.Google Scholar

Telecoms.com Intelligence (2014). Industry Survey 2014. Telecoms.com.Google Scholar

Tran, M. (2013). Impact Study on Intelligent Mobility. London, UK, InnovITS.Google Scholar

Tselekounis, M. and Varoutas, D. (2013). “Investments in next generation access infrastructures under regulatory uncertainty.” Telecommunications Policy 37(10): 879–892.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

USDoT (2015). “Intelligent transport systems joint program office benefits database.” Retrieved from www.itsbenefits.its.dot.gov/.Google Scholar

Vereecken, W., Heddeghem, W. V., Colle, D., Pickavet, M. and Demeester, P. (2010). Overall ICT footprint and green communication technologies. ISCCSP 2010, Limassol, Cyprus.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weiss, T. A. and Jondral, F. K. (2004). “Spectrum pooling: an innovative strategy for the enhancement of spectrum efficiency.” Communications Magazine, IEEE 42(3): S8–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

White, P., Christodoulou, G., Mackett, R., Titheridge, H., Thoreau, R. and Polak, J. (2010). Impacts of teleworking on sustainability and travel. Social Sustainability in Urban Areas: Communities, Connectivity and the Urban Fabric. A. Manzi, K. Lucas, T. Lloyd-Jones and J. Allen (eds.) London, UK, Earthscan.Google Scholar

Wilks, L. and Billsberry, J. (2007). “Should we do away with teleworking? An examination of whether teleworking can be defined in the new world of work.” New Technology, Work and Employment 22(2): 168–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

World Bank (2013). World Bank open data.Google Scholar

Zhen-Wei Qiang, C. (2010). “Broadband infrastructure investment in stimulus packages: relevance for developing countries.” Info 12(2): 41–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar