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8 - Mycorrhizas and the terrestrial carbon cycle: roles in global carbon sequestration and plant community composition

from III - Mutualistic interactions in the environment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2009

By
Jonathan R. Leake
Edited by
Geoffrey Gadd ,
Sarah C. Watkinson  and
Paul S. Dyer
Jonathan R. Leake
Affiliation:
Department of Animal & Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield
Geoffrey Gadd
Affiliation:
University of Dundee
Sarah C. Watkinson
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Paul S. Dyer
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
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Summary

Introduction

The mycorrhizal symbiosis is characterized by a reciprocal exchange of photosynthetically-fixed plant carbon in return for the main plant-growth-limiting nutrients, nitrogen or phosphorus. Studies of mycorrhizal functioning have focused on their roles in providing nutrients to plants, but their importance as a significant component of the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle has generally been overlooked. However, over 80% of plant species invest substantial amounts of their below-ground C flow into these fungal symbionts (Smith & Read, 1997; Leake et al., 2004). At the global scale, the annual C flux through soil respiration is ten times greater than fossil fuel combustion and recycles c. 10% of atmospheric CO2 (Raich et al., 2002). Roots and associated mycorrhizas are the single most important component of this flux. Knowledge of the mycorrhizal contribution to the C cycle is of increasingly paramount importance, as this component is likely to be among the most sensitive to ongoing anthropogenic disturbance of both C (Staddon et al., 2002) and nitrogen (N) biogeochemical cycles (Nilsson & Wallander, 2003).

The major biomes are dominated by plants with one of three kinds of mycorrhiza (Fig. 8.1), each of which is adapted to the particular vegetation and soil characteristics of the bioclimatic regions in which it is most important (Read et al., 2004). Central to understanding the contributions of mycorrhizas to the plant–soil–atmosphere continuum of the C cycle is appreciation of the properties and functions of these three major types of mycorrhiza and the ecosystems in which they are of greatest importance.

Type
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Fungi in the Environment , pp. 161 - 184
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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