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10 - Development of the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: insights from genomics

from III - Mutualistic interactions in the environment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2009

By
Jinyuan Liu ,
Melina Lopez-Meyer ,
Ignacio Maldonado-Mendoza  and
Maria J. Harrison
Edited by
Geoffrey Gadd ,
Sarah C. Watkinson  and
Paul S. Dyer
Jinyuan Liu
Affiliation:
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York
Melina Lopez-Meyer
Affiliation:
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York
Ignacio Maldonado-Mendoza
Affiliation:
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York
Maria J. Harrison
Affiliation:
Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York
Geoffrey Gadd
Affiliation:
University of Dundee
Sarah C. Watkinson
Affiliation:
University of Oxford
Paul S. Dyer
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
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Summary

Introduction

The majority of the vascular flowering plants have the ability to enter into symbiotic associations with a unique group of soil fungi, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. The symbiosis develops in the roots of the plant, where the plant provides the fungus with a source of carbon and the fungus delivers mineral nutrients to the roots. In particular, the transfer of phosphorus from the AM fungus to the plant is widely documented, but there is evidence for zinc and nitrogen transport also (Hodge et al., 2001). For both symbionts, significant quantities of nutrients may be exchanged. It is estimated that the plant allocates up to 20% of its photosynthate to the roots to support the fungal symbiont, and some studies suggest that in an AM symbiosis the plant receives all of its phosphorus via the fungus (Bago et al., 2000; Smith et al., 2003). Phosphorus is a relatively immobile nutrient and is often present at concentrations in the soil that are limiting for plant growth. Consequently, improvements in phosphorus supply resulting from the AM fungus can have a significant impact on plant health and subsequently on plant biodiversity and ecosystem productivity (van der Heijden et al., 1998).

The AM symbiosis is an ancient association. Both molecular data and fossil evidence suggest that the AM fungi originated 460 MYA (Redeker et al., 2000) at a time when bryophytes were the predominant plant form.

Type
Chapter
Information
Fungi in the Environment , pp. 201 - 224
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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