A brief coverage of amplitude modulation (AM) and angle modulation techniques is provided. The basic principles of conventional AM, double-sideband suppressed carrier AM, single-sideband AM, and vestigial sideband AM are described both through time-domain and frequency-domain techniques. Frequency and phase modulation are described and their equivalence is argued. A comparison of different analog modulation techniques in terms of complexity, power, and bandwidth requirements is made. Conversion of analog signals into a digital form through sampling and quantization is studied. Proof of the sampling theorem is given. Scalar and vector quantizers are described. Uniform and non-uniform scalar quantizer designs are studied. The Lloyd-Max quantizer design algorithm is detailed. The amount of loss introduced by a quantizer is quantified by computing the mean square distortion, and the resulting signal-to-quantization noise ratio. Pulse code modulation (PCM) as a waveform coding technique, along with its variants – including differential PCM and delta modulation – is also studied.