The spacing versus stopping debate

The previous chapter has explored the pattern of falling fertility evident in the detailed occupational data derived from the 1911 census; and it sought to offer some preliminary analysis to account for the social diversity that was found. Before further intellectual progress can be made with the most fundamental questions of why different sections of society began to change their fertility behaviour so dramatically during this particular period, it will be of great assistance first to investigate how the regulation of births within marriage was achieved.

In this area of intimate behaviour, direct testimony of a representative kind, on any scale, on reasons for birth control or techniques employed is virtually absent from the historical record of Victorian and Edwardian Britain. It has therefore proved equally as difficult for historians and demographers to discover which were the most important methods used to control births as it has been to reconstruct the principal motives involved. To establish with some confidence how birth regulation within marriage was achieved during the decades before the Great War would, therefore, in itself be an important advance in our knowledge. In this chapter the 1911 census data is further explored, alongside other relevant primary sources from the period, in an attempt to provide an answer to this question.

There are two related, but formally and empirically independent, kinds of questions regarding how birth control was achieved.