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2 - Biogeography of ferns

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

By
Michael Kessler
Edited by
Klaus Mehltreter ,
Lawrence R. Walker  and
Joanne M. Sharpe
Michael Kessler
Affiliation:
University of Zürich
Klaus Mehltreter
Affiliation:
Instituto de Ecologia, A.C., Xalapa, Mexico
Lawrence R. Walker
Affiliation:
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
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Summary

Key points

  1. 1. Biogeographical patterns of ferns and angiosperms are the result of a combination of vicariance and long distance dispersal, but due to their more effective dispersal via spores, the latter is more frequent among ferns. Therefore, fern species tend to have wider ranges and the relative number of fern species compared with seed plants is highest on remote, mountainous tropical islands such as Hawaii and the Mascarenes. Also, fern communities on different continents are more similar compositionally than those of seed plants.

  2. 2. Despite their potential for long distance spore dispersal, many fern species have localized ranges as a result of low frequency of successful long distance dispersal, habitat specialization, geographical isolation and competitive interactions between species.

  3. 3. Species richness of ferns follows a latitudinal gradient that peaks in the tropics, where ferns are especially diverse and abundant in wet habitats with moderate temperatures at elevations of about 1000–2500 m. On average, species in tropical mountains have elevational amplitudes of about 1000 m. The peak of endemism is located at higher elevations than that of species richness.

Introduction

Biogeography deals with the distribution patterns of species and communities, and their causal relationships with factors such as climate, soil and evolutionary history (Humboldt, 1805; Lomolino et al., 2006). Specific topics addressed by biogeographers include the sizes of geographical ranges and their spatial placement, the way individual species attain their distribution ranges (dispersal, extinction and vicariance), the distribution of species numbers (alpha diversity), changes in species composition (beta diversity) and the spatial distribution of species traits (macroecology).

Type
Chapter
Information
Fern Ecology , pp. 22 - 60
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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