Published online by Cambridge University Press: 20 February 2025
Module 5 provides an overview of ways in which cultures describe health and well-being. Measurement of well-being is problematic, requiring both objectivity and sensitivity to cultural conceptualizations. Attempts to describe universals of well-being include Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Historically, humans participated in rituals that enhanced well-being. Indigenous cultures often conceptualize well-being holistically, emphasizing connections to social, natural, and spiritual levels of existence. This module defines terms of reference for healthcare systems, including traditional medicine and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), along with conventional medicine, describing the predominant Euro-American system.
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