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1 - Basic physical principles of body diffusion-weighted MRI

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 November 2010

By
Eric E. Sigmund  and
Jens Jensen
Edited by
Bachir Taouli
Bachir Taouli
Affiliation:
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
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Summary

Introduction

The possibility of sensitizing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals to molecular diffusion was recognized in the early, pioneering days of NMR by Hahn, Carr and Purcell. In the 1960s, the Stejskal–Tanner pulse sequence for measuring diffusion properties was introduced and has been a mainstay of diffusion NMR every since. The Stejskal–Tanner sequence is also the prototypical pulse sequence for diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), although for human imaging there are a number of variants and alternative sequences that help manage the practical challenges of clinical scanning.

Until recently, DWI in humans has been dominated by brain applications, to a large degree because the relatively long transverse relaxation times (T2) in the brain help maintain a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the good field homogeneity helps minimize imaging artifacts. However, recent improvements in scanning hardware and pulse sequence design have now made feasible good quality DWI for the body, and body applications are becoming increasingly common.

In this chapter, we review the basic physical principals of DWI, emphasizing issues particularly pertinent to body applications. We begin with diffusion NMR physics, covering both the relevant concepts of molecular diffusion and the essential theory for the Stejskal–Tanner pulse sequence. We will consider practical aspects of image acquisition, such as sequence selection and artifact reduction. The analysis of DWI data and an overview of selected important body applications will be discussed.

Diffusion NMR physics

Molecules within a liquid move in a complicated pattern that can be regarded as a random process.

Type
Chapter
Information
Extra-Cranial Applications of Diffusion-Weighted MRI , pp. 1 - 17
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2010

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