Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword
- 1 Rodentia: a model order?
- 2 A synopsis of rodent molecular phylogenetics, systematics and biogeography
- 3 Emerging perspectives on some Paleogene sciurognath rodents in Laurasia: the fossil record and its interpretation
- 4 Phylogeny and evolutionary history of hystricognathous rodents from the Old World during the Tertiary: new insights into the emergence of modern “phiomorph” families
- 5 The history of South American octodontoid rodents and its contribution to evolutionary generalisations
- 6 History, taxonomy and palaeobiology of giant fossil rodents (Hystricognathi, Dinomyidae)
- 7 Advances in integrative taxonomy and evolution of African murid rodents: how morphological trees hide the molecular forest
- 8 Themes and variation in sciurid evolution
- 9 Marmot evolution and global change in the past 10 million years
- 10 Grades and clades among rodents: the promise of geometric morphometrics
- 11 Biogeographic variations in wood mice: testing for the role of morphological variation as a line of least resistance to evolution
- 12 The oral apparatus of rodents: variations on the theme of a gnawing machine
- 13 The muscles of mastication in rodents and the function of the medial pterygoid
- 14 Functional morphology of rodent middle ears
- 15 Variations and anomalies in rodent teeth and their importance for testing computational models of development
- 16 The great variety of dental structures and dynamics in rodents: new insights into their ecological diversity
- 17 Convergent evolution of molar topography in Muroidea (Rodentia, Mammalia): connections between chewing movements and crown morphology
- 18 Developmental mechanisms in the evolution of phenotypic traits in rodent teeth
- 19 Diversity and evolution of femoral variation in Ctenohystrica
- 20 Morphological disparity of the postcranial skeleton in rodents and its implications for palaeobiological inferences: the case of the extinct Theridomyidae (Rodentia, Mammalia)
- Index
- References
14 - Functional morphology of rodent middle ears
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 August 2015
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Foreword
- 1 Rodentia: a model order?
- 2 A synopsis of rodent molecular phylogenetics, systematics and biogeography
- 3 Emerging perspectives on some Paleogene sciurognath rodents in Laurasia: the fossil record and its interpretation
- 4 Phylogeny and evolutionary history of hystricognathous rodents from the Old World during the Tertiary: new insights into the emergence of modern “phiomorph” families
- 5 The history of South American octodontoid rodents and its contribution to evolutionary generalisations
- 6 History, taxonomy and palaeobiology of giant fossil rodents (Hystricognathi, Dinomyidae)
- 7 Advances in integrative taxonomy and evolution of African murid rodents: how morphological trees hide the molecular forest
- 8 Themes and variation in sciurid evolution
- 9 Marmot evolution and global change in the past 10 million years
- 10 Grades and clades among rodents: the promise of geometric morphometrics
- 11 Biogeographic variations in wood mice: testing for the role of morphological variation as a line of least resistance to evolution
- 12 The oral apparatus of rodents: variations on the theme of a gnawing machine
- 13 The muscles of mastication in rodents and the function of the medial pterygoid
- 14 Functional morphology of rodent middle ears
- 15 Variations and anomalies in rodent teeth and their importance for testing computational models of development
- 16 The great variety of dental structures and dynamics in rodents: new insights into their ecological diversity
- 17 Convergent evolution of molar topography in Muroidea (Rodentia, Mammalia): connections between chewing movements and crown morphology
- 18 Developmental mechanisms in the evolution of phenotypic traits in rodent teeth
- 19 Diversity and evolution of femoral variation in Ctenohystrica
- 20 Morphological disparity of the postcranial skeleton in rodents and its implications for palaeobiological inferences: the case of the extinct Theridomyidae (Rodentia, Mammalia)
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
Because of its functional and phylogenetic significance, the middle ear has occupied far more of the attention of zoologists than this tiny region of the body would, at first glance, appear to merit. Although all mammals have three middle ear ossicles, a defining characteristic of the class, middle ear morphology otherwise differs substantially both between and within mammalian orders.
Middle ear structures are particularly variable among the Rodentia and have long been used in rodent taxonomy. Features compared between groups include malleus morphology (Tullberg, 1899; Carleton and Musser, 1984), number of middle ear septa (Moore, 1959), stapedial arterial supply (Bugge, 1985) and the relationships between the bony components of the middle ear cavity (Lavocat and Parent, 1985). Although morphological phylogenies of living rodents have largely been supplanted by the molecular, the bony structures of the middle ear retain taxonomic value because of their preservation as fossils.
Rodents are central to current experimental studies of ear function, the mouse (Mus musculus), guinea pig (Cavia porcellus), chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) and gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) representing model species of particular importance. The choice of these rodents is, of course, largely based on convenience: apart from ease of maintaining captive colonies, the relatively large middle ear cavities of the guinea pig, chinchilla and gerbil greatly facilitate surgery to expose the cochlea and other structures. To what extent their ears are representative of rodents as a whole, or mammals in general, often remains unaddressed.
Following a brief functional overview, this chapter will introduce the anatomy of the middle ear and then review details of its morphology in each of the major rodent clades. This is followed by a consideration of rodent ear evolution, including a discussion of the likely adaptive purposes of some of the features which distinguish the various groups. It is hoped that zoologists will gain some functional insight to help in the evolutionary interpretation of middle ear morphology, while the anatomical data provided may prove useful in the comparison of experimental results from different species, and in the consideration of what may safely be extrapolated to other mammals.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Evolution of the RodentsAdvances in Phylogeny, Functional Morphology and Development, pp. 373 - 404Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2015
References
(1875). On Anomalurus, its structure and position. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 88–97.Google Scholar
and (2008). Middle ear structures of Octodon degus (Rodentia: Octodontidae), in comparison with those of subterranean caviomorphs. Journal of Mammalogy, 89, 1447–1455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1938). A contribution to the physiology of bone conduction. Acta Oto-Laryngologica Supplementum, 26, 1–233.Google Scholar
and (2006). Acoustic communication and burrow acoustics are reflected in the ear morphology of the coruro (Spalacopus cyanus, Octodontidae), a social fossorial rodent. Journal of Morphology, 267, 382–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1907). Beiträge zur Vergleichenden Anatomie des Gehörorgans der Säuger. (Tympanicum, Membrana Shrapnelli und Chordaverlauf). Anatomische Hefte, 35, 293–408.Google Scholar
(1970). The contribution of the stapedial artery to the cephalic arterial supply in muroid rodents. Acta Anatomica, 76, 313–336.Google ScholarPubMed
(1971a). The cephalic arterial system in sciuromorphs with special reference to the systematic classification of rodents. Acta Anatomica, 80, 336–361.Google Scholar
(1971b). The cephalic arterial system in mole-rats (Spalacidae) bamboo rats (Rhizomyidae), jumping mice and jerboas (Dipodoidea) and dormice (Gliroidea) with special reference to the systematic classification of rodents. Acta Anatomica, 79, 165–180.Google ScholarPubMed
(1974). The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica, 87 (supplement 62), 1–160.Google Scholar
(1985) Systematic value of the carotid arterial pattern in rodents. In Evolutionary Relationships Among Rodents: a Multidisciplinary Analysis, eds. and . New York: Plenum Press, pp. 355–379.Google Scholar
, and (1989). Middle ear and cochlear receptors in the subterranean mole-rat, Spalax ehrenbergi. Hearing Research, 39, 225–230.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1992). The ear in subterranean Insectivora and Rodentia in comparison with ground-dwelling representatives. 1. Sound conducting system of the middle ear. Journal of Morphology, 214, 49–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1930). Auditory ossicles of living and giant beavers. Journal of Mammalogy, 11, 292–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). Phylogenetic relationships in neotomine-peromyscine rodents (Muroidea) and a reappraisal of the dichotomy within New World Cricetinae. Miscellaneous Publications of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 157, 1–146.Google Scholar
and (1984) Muroid rodents. In Orders and Families of Recent Mammals of the World, eds. and . New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 289–379.Google Scholar
and (1989). Comparative histology of the tympanic membrane and its relationship to cholesteatoma. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology, 98, 761–766.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2004) The evolution of single- and multiple-ossicle ears in fishes and tetrapods. In Evolution of the Vertebrate Auditory System, eds. , and . New York: Springer, pp. 128–163.Google Scholar
(1916). The auditory ossicles of Aplodontia. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 35, 531–532.Google Scholar
, and (1914a). The auditory ossicles of American rodents. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 33, 347–380.Google Scholar
, and (1914b). The auditory ossicles of some African rodents. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 44, 433–440.Google Scholar
(1970). Low frequency auditory characteristics: species dependence. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 48, 489–499.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2003). Identifying conflicting signal in a multigene analysis reveals a highly resolved tree: the phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia). Systematic Biology, 52, 604–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1989). Coarctation of the stapedial artery: an unusual adaptive response to competing functional demands in the middle ear of some eutherians. Journal of Morphology, 200, 71–86.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2013). Sound transmission along the ossicular chain in common wild-type laboratory mice. Hearing Research, 301, 27–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1878). Morphology of the mammalian ossicula auditûs. Transactions of the Linnean Society, London, 2nd series, 1, 371–497.Google Scholar
(1941). The Familes and Genera of Living Rodents, volume 2. London: British Museum (Natural History).Google Scholar
(1993). A new genus and species of rat from Borneo (Rodentia: Muridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106, 752–761.Google Scholar
and (1982). Descriptive and comparative osteology of the oldest fossil squirrel, Protosciurus (Rodentia: Sciuridae). Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, 47, 1–35.Google Scholar
, , and (2012). A glimpse on the pattern of rodent diversification: a phylogenetic approach. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 12, 88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2008). Middle ear morphology in dormice (Rodentia: Gliridae). Mammalian Biology, 73, 330–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1957). Hystricomorph rodents from the late Miocene of Colombia, South America. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences, 32, 273–404.Google Scholar
(1973). Studien am Skelett des Gehörorgans der Säugetiere, einschließlich des Menschen. Säugetierkundliche Mitteilungen, 21, 131–239.Google Scholar
(1978). Evolutionary principles of the mammalian middle ear. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, 55, 1–70.Google ScholarPubMed
and (1990). Vestigial hearing in a fossorial mammal, the pocket gopher (Geomys bursarius). Hearing Research, 46, 239–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1992). Hearing and sound localization in blind mole rats (Spalax ehrenbergi). Hearing Research, 62, 206–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1993). Degenerate hearing and sound localization in naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber), with an overview of central auditory structures. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 331, 418–433.Google Scholar
, and (2001). Audiograms of five species of rodents: implications for the evolution of hearing and the perception of pitch. Hearing Research, 157, 138–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1936). Biogéographie des mammifères et des oiseaux de l'Afrique du Nord. Suppléments au Bulletin Biologique de France et de Belgique, 21, 1–446.Google Scholar
and (1983). The pressure equilibrating function of pars flaccida in middle ear mechanics. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 118, 337–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1961). Some morphological and functional aspects of certain structures of the middle ear in bats and insectivores. University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 42, 151–255.Google Scholar
, and (1986). Adaptive optimal sound for vocal communication in tunnels of a subterranean mammal (Spalax ehrenbergi). Experientia, 42, 1287–1289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1968). Anatomy of middle-ear walls and cavities in nine species of microtine rodents. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 657, 1–23.Google Scholar
(1932). The saltatorial rodent Dipodomys: the functional and comparative anatomy of its muscular and osseous systems. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 67, 377–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2002). Mammalian ear specializations in arid habitats: structural and functional evidence from sand cat (Felis margarita). Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 188, 663–681.Google Scholar
(1845). Vergleichend-anatomische Untersuchungen über das innere Gehörorgan des Menschen und der Säugethiere. Prague: Verlag von Friedrich Ehrlich.Google Scholar
, , and (2005). Morphological and molecular investigations of a new family, genus and species of rodent (Mammalia: Rodentia: Hystricognatha) from Lao PDR. Systematics and Biodiversity, 2, 419–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1984). Gliroid and dipodoid rodents. In Orders and Families of Recent Mammals of the World, eds. and . New York: John Wiley & Sons, pp. 381–388.Google Scholar
(1984). Notes on the comparative mechanics of hearing. III. On Shrapnell's membrane. Hearing Research, 13, 83–88.Google ScholarPubMed
and (2005). Comparative and functional morphology of the middle ear in Zambezian mole-rats (Coetomys – Cryptomys, Bathyergidae). Belgian Journal of Zoology, 135 (supplement), 5–10.Google Scholar
, and (2004). Functional morphology of the ear in fossorial rodents, Microtus arvalis and Arvicola terrestris. Journal of Morphology, 262, 770–779.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , et al. (2007). Living in a “stethoscope”: burrow acoustics promote auditory specializations in subterranean rodents. Naturwissenschaften, 94, 134–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2011). Mass distribution and rotational inertia of “microtype” and “freely mobile” middle ear ossicles in rodents. Hearing Research, 282, 97–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1967). Observations sur la région auditive des rongeurs théridomorphes. In Problèmes Actuels de Paléontologie (Évolution des Vertébrés). Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, pp. 491–501.Google Scholar
and (1971). Valeur systématique de la région de l'oreille moyenne des rongeurs. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, série D, 273, 1478–1480.Google Scholar
and (1985) Phylogenetic analysis of middle ear features in fossil and living rodents. In Evolutionary Relationships Among Rodents: a Multidisciplinary Analysis, eds. and . New York: Plenum Press, pp. 333–354.Google Scholar
(1972). The anatomy, physiology, functional significance and evolution of specialised hearing organs of gerbilline rodents. Journal of Morphology, 138, 41–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001). Effect of middle-ear static pressure on pars tensa and pars flaccida in gerbil ears. Hearing Research, 153, 146–163.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2011). Developmental patterns in Mesozoic evolution of mammal ears. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 42, 355–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1999). The functional anatomy of the middle ear of mammals, with an emphasis on fossorial forms. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
(2004). The middle ear apparatus of the tuco-tuco Ctenomys sociabilis (Rodentia, Ctenomyidae). Journal of Mammalogy, 85, 797–805.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2013). Of mice, moles and guinea-pigs: functional morphology of the middle ear in living mammals. Hearing Research, 301, 4–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2010) Seismic sensitivity and communication in subterranean mammals. In The Use of Vibrations in Communication: Properties, Mechanisms and Function across Taxa, ed. . Kerala: Research Signpost, pp. 121–140.Google Scholar
, , and (2010). Middle ear structure and bone conduction in Spalax, Eospalax and Tachyoryctes mole-rats (Rodentia: Spalacidae). Journal of Morphology, 271, 462–472.Google Scholar
and (1998). SURFdriver: a practical computer program for generating three-dimensional models of anatomical structures using a PowerMac. Clinical Anatomy, 11, 132.Google Scholar
(1959). Relationships among the living squirrels of the Sciurinae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 118, 153–206.Google Scholar
and (2005) Superfamily Muroidea. In Mammal Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, eds. and . Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 894–1531.Google Scholar
(1977). Aspects of the problem of variation, origin and evolution of the eutherian auditory bulla. Mammal Review, 7, 131–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1967). Structure and function of inflated middle ears of rodents. Unpublished PhD thesis, Yale University, New Haven, USA.
(1947). Mammals of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent Countries. Volume 5. Rodents. Jerusalem: Israel Program for Scientific Translations (1963).Google Scholar
(1948). Zveri vostochnoy Yevropy i severnoy Azii. Tom 6. Gryzuny (prodolzheniye). Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR.Google Scholar
(2005). Second branchial arch lineages of the middle ear of wild-type and Hoxa2 mutant mice. Developmental Dynamics, 234, 124–131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1960). Speciation and evolution of the pygmy mice, genus Baiomys. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural History, 9, 579–670.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987). The influence of carotid arterial sounds on hearing sensitivity in mammals. Journal of Zoology, 211, 547–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1976a). Disposition fondamentale et variabilité de la région auditive des rongeurs hystricognathes. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, série D, 283, 243–245.Google Scholar
(1976b). La région auditive des rongeurs sciurognathes. Caractères anatomiques fondamentaux. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, série D, 282, 2183–2185.Google Scholar
(1980). Recherches sur l'oreille moyenne des rongeurs actuels et fossiles. Anatomie. Valeur systématique. Mémoires et Travaux de l'Institut de Montpellier, 11, 1–286.Google Scholar
(1983). Anatomie et valeur systématique de l'oreille moyenne des rongeurs actuels et fossiles. Mammalia, 47, 93–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1980). Taxonomic status of Calomyscus Thomas (Rodentia, Cricetidae) on the basis of structure of auditory ossicles. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 59, 312–316.Google Scholar
, and (1992). Middle-ear transmission: acoustic versus ossicular coupling in cat and human. Hearing Research, 57, 245–268.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1953). Remarques sur la signification des bulles tympaniques chez les mammifères. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, 237, 848–849.Google Scholar
(2001). Morphological patterns and evolutionary pathways of the middle ear in dormice (Gliridae, Rodentia). Trakya University Journal of Scientific Research, series B, 2, 159–170.Google Scholar
, , et al. (1989). Are seismic communication signals transmitted by bone conduction in the blind mole rat?Hearing Research, 41, 23–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1997). Seismic communication between burrows of kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spectabilis. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 181, 525–531.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1997). Sound-power collection by the auditory periphery of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus: III. Effect of variations in middle-ear volume. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 101, 2135–2147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1992). Sound-power collection by the auditory periphery of the Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus. I: Middle-ear input impedance. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 92, 157–177.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2008). Gerbil middle-ear sound transmission from 100 Hz to 60 kHz. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 124, 363–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1988) Introduction to the analysis of middle-ear function. In Physiology of the Ear, eds. and . New York: Raven Press, pp. 103–123.Google Scholar
(1992) Hearing in transitional mammals: predictions from the middle ear anatomy and hearing capabilities of extant mammals. In The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing, eds. , and . New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 615–631.Google Scholar
and (2002). The effect of immobilizing the gerbil's pars flaccida on the middle-ear's response to static pressure. Hearing Research, 174, 183–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2006). Structures that contribute to middle-ear admittance in chinchilla. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 192, 1287–1311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2009). The chorda tympani and its significance for rodent phylogeny. Mammalian Biology, 74, 100–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2001). Bullate stapedes in some phalangeriform marsupials. Mammalian Biology, 66, 174–177.Google Scholar
(1971). The auditory region (ossicles, sinuses) in gliding mammals and selected representatives of non-gliding genera. Fieldiana: Zoology, 58, 27–59.Google Scholar
(1965). Types of ear cavities in mammals in relation to the peculiarities of their mode of life [in Russian]. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 44, 1538–1545.Google Scholar
and (2005). Acoustics of the human middle-ear air space. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118, 861–871.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1997). Effects of pars flaccida on sound conduction in ears of Mongolian gerbil: acoustic and anatomical measurements. Hearing Research, 106, 39–65.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , et al. (1966). Bone conduction studies in experimental animals. VII. The effect of osseous discontinuities upon the transmission of vibratory energy across the skull in rats. Acta Oto-Laryngologica Supplementum, 213, 124–132.Google Scholar
(1899). Ueber das System der Nagethiere, eine phylogenetische Studie. Nova Acta Regiae Societatis Scientiarum Upsaliensis, series 3, 18, 1–514.Google Scholar
(1923). Die Skelettstückchen in der Sehne des Musculus stapedius und nahe dem Ursprung der Chorda tympani. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte, 69, 32–83.Google Scholar
(1931). The auditory bulla in some fossil mammals, with a general introduction to this region of the skull. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 62, 1–352.Google Scholar
(1905). Die Tympanalgegend des Säugetierschädels. Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch, 34, 321–722.Google Scholar
, and (1991). Mechanoacoustic properties of the tympanic membrane: a study on isolated Mongolian gerbil temporal bones. American Journal of Otology, 12, 407–419.Google ScholarPubMed
(1988). Systematics and ecology of ichthyomyine rodents (Muroidea): patterns of morphological evolution in a small adaptive radiation. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 188, 259–493.Google Scholar
and (1996). Primitive morphology of the middle ear in some rodents. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, (supplement to no. 3), 70A–71A.Google Scholar
(1948). Studies on the structure of the auditory ossicles and tympanic bone in Egyptian Insectivora, Chiroptera and Rodentia. Bulletin of the Faculty of Science, Fouad I University, 27, 177–213.Google Scholar
(1962). A function of the enlarged middle-ear cavities of the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys. Physiological Zoology, 35, 248–255.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1971). Adaptive value of hearing and vision in kangaroo rat predator avoidance. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 4, 310–322.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (1975). Auditory systems of Heteromyidae: functional morphology and evolution of the middle ear. Journal of Morphology, 146, 343–376.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2005). Cranial anatomy and relationships of a new ctenodactyloid (Mammalia, Rodentia) from the Early Eocene of Hubei Province, China. Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 74, 91–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1999). Morphometrics and functional morphology of middle ears of extant pocket gophers (Rodentia: Geomyidae). Journal of Mammalogy, 80, 180–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (eds.) (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
(1923–5). The Mammals of South Australia, parts I-III, Reprint, 1968 edn. Adelaide: British Science Guild (South Australian Branch).Google Scholar
- 14
- Cited by