Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T07:19:30.789Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 46 - Sequoiadendron

Cupressales: Sequoiaceae

from Part III - Living Arborescent Gymnosperm Genetic Presentations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 November 2024

Christopher N. Page
Affiliation:
University of Exeter
Get access

Summary

Tall to extremely tall, large to typically eventually massive, monoecious evergreen trees. The tree crowns in younger trees (for the first many centuries) are symmetric, fairly dense and well-furnished. The crowns are conical, becoming clean-trunked with age, generating thick, spongy, red–brown bark. The specimens eventually grow into the most massive known tree, of particularly substantial and imposing mature appearance in the wild.

Type
Chapter
Information
Evolution of the Arborescent Gymnosperms
Pattern, Process and Diversity
, pp. 120 - 139
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agee, J.K. 1998. The landscape ecology of Western forest fire regimes. Northwest Science 72: 2434.Google Scholar
Anderson, M.A., Graham, R.C., Alyanakian, G.J. & Martynn, D.Z. 1995. Late summer water status of soils and weathered bedrock in a giant sequoia grove. Soil Science 160: 415422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R.S. 1990. Modern pollen rain within and adjacent to two giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) groves, Yosemite and Sequoia national parks, California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20(9): 12891305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arno, S.F. 1973. Discovering Sierra Trees. Three Rivers, CA: Sequoia Natural History Association.Google Scholar
Arnold, C.A. & Lowther, J.S. 1955. A new Cretaceous conifer from Alaska. American Journal of Botany 42: 522528.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Axelrod, D.I. 1998. The Eocene Thunder Mountain flora of central Idaho. University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 142: 161.Google Scholar
Barker, P.C.J. 1992. Autecology of Phylocladus and Andopetalum in Tasmania. Hobart: Forestry Commission, Tasmania.Google Scholar
Beaty, R.M. & Taylor, A.H. 2001. Spatial and temporal variation of fire regimes in a mixed conifer forest landscape, Southern Cascades, California, USA. Journal of Biogeography 28: 955966.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P.B., Hughes, M.K., Swetnam, T.W. & Caprio, A.R. 1992. Giant sequoia ring-width chronologies from the central Sierra Nevada. Tree-Ring Bulletin 52: 114.Google Scholar
Brunsfeld, S.J., Soltis, P.S., Soltis, D.E., Gadek, P.A. & Quinn, C.J. 1994. Phylogenetic relationships amongst the genera of the Taxodicaeae and Cupressaceae: evidence from rbcL sequences. Systematic Botany 19: 253262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchholz, J.T. 1939. The generic segregation of the Sequoias. American Journal of Botany 26: 535538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buchholz, J.T. & Kaeiser, M. 1940. A statistical study of two variables in the Sequoias: pollen grain size and cotyledon number. American Naturalist 74: 279283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Budantsev, L.Y. 1997. Late Eocene flora of western Kamchatka. Proceedings of the Botanical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences 19: 3115.Google Scholar
Cayan, D.R., Kammerdiener, S.A., Dettinger, M.D., Caprio, J.M. & Peterson, D.H. 2001. Changes in the onset of spring in the western United States. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82(3): 399416.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chandler, M.E.J. 1978. Supplement to the Lower Tertiary Floras of Southern England. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chaney, R.W. 1951. A revision of fossil Sequoia and Taxodium in western North America based on the recent discovery of Metasequoia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society New Series 40: 171263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chelidze, L.T. & Kvavadze, E.V. 1987. The family Taxodiaceae in Meotian flora of Western Georgia. Bulletin of the Georgia Academy of Sciences 125(2): 426427 (in Russian).Google Scholar
Chin, A.R.O. & Sillett, S.C. 2016. Phenotypic plasticity of leaves enhances water-stress tolerance and prompts hydraulic conductivity in a tall conifer. American Journal of Botany 103: 796807.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chochieva, K.I. 1980. The family Taxodiaceae in the fossil floras of the Georgian-SSR USSR. Izvestya Akademii Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR Sseriya Biologicheskaya 6: 6166.Google Scholar
Collins, B.M., Kelly, M., Van Wagtendonk, J.W., & Stephens, S.L. 2007. Spatial patterns of large natural fires in Sierra Nevada wilderness area. Landscape Ecology 2: 545557.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, L. & Burns, B. 2001. The dynamics of Agathis australisNothofagus truncata forest in the Hapuakohe Ecological District, Waikato region, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Botany 39: 423433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilsaver, L.M. & Tweed, W.C. 1990. Challenge of the Big Trees. Three Rivers, CA: Sequoia Natural History Association.Google Scholar
Eckenwalder, J.E. 1976. Re-evaluation of Cupressaceae and Taxodiaceae: a proposed merger. Madrõno 23: 237256.Google Scholar
Engbeck, J.H. 1976. The Enduring Giants. Berkley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Farjon, A. & Page, C.N. (eds.) 1999. Conifers: Status Survey and Conifer Action Plan. IUCN/SSC Conifer Specialist Group Report. Gland: IUCN.Google Scholar
Finney, M.A. & Martin, R.E. 1989. Fire history in a Sequoia sempervirens forest at Salt point State Park, California. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19(11): 14511457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Florin, R. 1952. On Metasequoia, living and fossil. Bot. Notiser 105: 129.Google Scholar
Florin, R. 1955. The systematics of the Gymnosperms. Pp 323403 in A Century of Progress in the Natural Sciences. San Francisco, CA: California Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Garfin, G.M. 1998. Relationships between winter atmospheric circulation patterns and extreme tree growth anomalies in the Sierra Nevada. International Journal of Climatology 18: 725740.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graber, D.M. 1997. Management of Sequoiadendron giganteum and Sequoia sempervirens forests in the reserves of California: considerations of ecology and conservation. Tropics 6(4): 429434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grime, J.P. 1979. Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hart, J.A. 1987. A cladistic analysis of conifers: preliminary results. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 68: 269307.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartesveldt, R.J. 1964. Fire ecology of the giant sequoias: controlled fires may be one solution to survival of the species. Natural History Magazine 73: 1219.Google Scholar
Hartesveld, R.J. & Harvey, H.T. 1967. The fire ecology of sequoia regeneration. Pp 65–77 in Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference.Google Scholar
Harvey, H.T., Shellhammer, H.S. & Stecker, R.E. 1980. Giant Sequoia Ecology: Fire and Reproduction. Washington, DC: US Department of the Interior, National Park Service.Google Scholar
Hernández-Castillo, G.R., Stockey, R.A. & Beard, G. 2005. Taxodiaceaous pollen cones from the Early Tertiary of British Columbia, Canada. International Journal of Plant Sciences 166: 339346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, Z.-A., Wang, H.-X. & Liu, C.-J. 1986. Biochemical systematics of Gymnosperms (4): seed protein peptides and needle peroxidases of Taxodiaceae. Acta Phytotaxica Sinica 24: 471473.Google Scholar
Hughes, M.K. & Brown, P.M. 1992. Drought frequency in central California since 101 B.C. recorded in giant sequoia tree rings. Climatic Dynamics 6: 161167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, M.K. & Díaz, H.F. 2008. Climate variability and change in the drylands of Western North America. Global and Planetary Change 64(3–4): 111118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilgore, B.M. 1973. The ecological role of fire in Sierran conifer forests: its application to National Park management. Quaternary Research 3: 469513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilgore, B.M. & Biswell, H.H. 1971. Seedling germination following fire in a giant sequoia forest. California Agriculture 25: 810.Google Scholar
Kilgore, B.M. & Sando, R.W. 1975. Crown-fire potential in a sequoia forest after prescribed burning. Forest Science 21: 8387.Google Scholar
Kilgore, B.M. & Taylor, D. 1979. Fire history of a Sequoia–mixed conifer forest. Ecology 60: 129142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitanov, G. 1984. Pliocene flora composition in the Gotce Delchev region. Fitologiya 25: 4170.Google Scholar
Kusumi, J., Tsumura, Y., Yoshimaru, H. & Tacida, H. 2000. Phylogenetic relationships in Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae sensu stricto based on matK gene, chiL gene, trnLtrnF IGS region, and trnL intron sequence. American Journal of Botany 87: 14801488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, C.X. & Yang, Q. 2003. Phylogenetic relationships among the genera of Taxodiaceae and Cupressaceae from 28S rDNA sequences. Yi Chuan= Hereditas 25(2): 177180.Google ScholarPubMed
Li, L. 1989. Studies on the cytotaxonomy and systematic evolution of Taxodiaceae Warming. Acta Botanica Yunnanica 11: 113131.Google Scholar
Li, L.C. 1993. Studies on the karyotype and systematic position of Larix Mill. (Pinaceae). Acta Phytotaxonomic Sinica 31: 405412.Google Scholar
Li, Z.X. & Powell, C.McA. 2001. An outline of the palaeogeographic evolution of the Australasian region since the beginning of the Neoproterozoic. Earth-Science Reviews 53: 237277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindenmayer, D.B. & Franklin, J.F. 2002. Conserving Forest Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Multiscaled Approach. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar
Matthes, F. & Fryxell, F. 1965. Glacial Reconnaissance of Sequoia National Park California: Characteristics and Distribution of the Ancient Glaciers in the Most Southerly National Park of the Sierra Nevada. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, C. 1977. Mesozoic conifers. Biological Review 43: 218280.Google Scholar
Miller, C. & Urban, D. 2000. Interactions between forest heterogeneity and surface fire regimes in the southern Sierra Nevada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29: 202212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minnich, R., Barbour, M., Burk, J. & Sosa-Ramírez, J. 2000. Californian mixed-conifer forests under unmanaged fire regimes in the Sierra San Pedro Martir, Baja California, Mexico. Journal of Biogeography 27: 105129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, A.F. 1972. Conifers in the British Isles. A Descriptive Handbook. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Odion, D.C. & Hanson, C.T. 2006. Fire severity in conifer forests of the Sierra Nevada, California. Ecosystems 9: 11771189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Page, C.N. 1979. The diversity of ferns: an ecological perspective. Pp 1056 in Dyer, A.F. (ed.), The Experimental Biology of Ferns. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Page, C.N. 2002. The role of natural disturbance regimes in pteridophyte conservation management. Fern Gazette 16: 284289.Google Scholar
Pole, M. 1995. Late Cretaceous macrofloras of eastern Otago, New Zealand: gymnosperms. Australian Systematic Botany 8: 10671106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, R.A. & Lowenstein, J.M. 1989. An immunological comparison of the Sciadopityaceae, Taxodiaceae, and Cupressaceae. Systematic Botany 14: 141149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, D.C. 1958. Igneous and metamorphic rocks of parts of Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks, California: California Division of Mines and Geology Special Report 53.Google Scholar
Rundel, P.W. 1971. Community structure and stability in the giant sequoia groves of the Sierra Nevada, California. American Midland Naturalist 85: 478492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rundel, P.W. 1972. An annotated check list of the groves of Sequoiadendron giganteum in the Sierra Nevada, California. Madrõno 21(5): 319328.Google Scholar
Schlarbaum, S.E. & Tsuchiya, T. 1984. Cytotaxonomy and phylogeny in certain species of Taxodiaceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution 147: 2954.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Serbet, R. & Stockey, R.A. 1991. Taxodiaceous pollen cones from the Upper Cretaceous (Horseshoe Canyon Formation) of Drumheller, Alberta, Canada. Review of Paleobotany and Palynology 70: 6776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seward, A.C. 1926. The Cretaceous plant-bearing rocks of Western Greenland. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 215: 57175.Google Scholar
Seward, A.C. 1933. Plant Life Through the Ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shellhammer, H.S. & Shellhammer, T.H. 2006. Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum [Taxodiaceae]) seedling survival and growth in the first four decades following managed fires. Madrõno 53: 342350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sillett, S.C., Spickler, J.C. & Van Pelt, R. 2000. Crown structure of the world’s second largest tree. Madrõno 47: 127133.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, V. & Friis, E.M. 1989. Taxodiaceous conifers from the Upper Cretaceous of Sweden. Biologiske Skrifter 35: 157.Google Scholar
Stark, N. 1968. The environmental tolerance of the seedling stage of Sequoiadendron giganteum. American Midland Naturalist 80: 8495.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stebbins, G.L. 1948. The chromosomes and relationships of Metasequoia and Sequoia. Science 108: 9598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, S.L. & Collins, B.M. 2004. Fire regimes of mixed conifer forests in the north-central Sierra Nevada at multiple spatial scales. Northwest Science 78: 1223.Google Scholar
Stephens, S.L. & Finney, M.A. 2002. Prescribed fire mortality of Sierra Nevada mixed conifer tree species: effects of crown damage and forest floor combustion. Forest Ecology and Management 162: 261271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, S.L. & Moghaddas, J. 2005. Silvicultural and reserve impacts on potential fire behaviour and forest conservation: twenty five years of experience from Sierra Nevada mixed conifer forests. Biological Conservation 126: 369379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, S.L., Dulitz, D.J. & Martin, R.E. 1999. Giant sequoia regeneration in group selection openings in the southern Sierra Nevada. Forest Ecology and Management 120: 8995.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephenson, N.L., Parsons, D.J. & Swetnam, T.W. 1991. Restoring natural fire to the sequoia–mixed conifer forest: should intense fire play a role? Pp 321–337 in Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference.Google Scholar
Swetnam, T.W. 1993. Fire history and climate change in giant sequoia groves. Science 262: 885888.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Takaso, T. & Owens, J.N. 1996. Cone, pollination drop, and pollen capture in Sequoiadendron (Taxodiaceae). American Journal of Botany 83: 11751180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takaso, T. & Tomlinson, P.B. 1992. Seed cone and ovule ontogeny in Metasequoia, Sequoia and Sequoiadendron (Taxodiaceae – Coniferales). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 109: 1537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teodoridis, V. & Sakala, J. 2008. Early Miocene conifer macrofossils from the Most Basin (Czech Republic). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Abhandlungen 250(3): 287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, J.M. 1994. Sclerophylly: primarily protective ? Functional Ecology 8: 669675.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, M.G. & Dale, V.H. 1998. Comparing large, infrequent disturbances: what have we learned ? Ecosystems 1: 493496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vakhrameev, V.A. 1991. Jurassic and Cretaceous Floras and Climates of the Earth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Van de Water, K. & North, M. 2011. Stand structure, fuel loads, and behaviour in riparian and upland forests, Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA: a comparison of current and reconstructed conditions. Forest Ecology and Management 262: 215228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Wagtendonk, J. 1998. Fuel bed characteristics of Sierra Nevada conifers. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 13: 7384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagener, W.W. 1961. Past fire incidence in Sierra Nevada forests. Journal of Forestry 59: 739748.Google Scholar
Wang, F.H. & Chien, N.F. 1964. Embryogeny of Metasequoia. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 12(3).Google Scholar
Watt, A.S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. Journal of Ecology 35: 122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitmore, T.C. 1975. Tropical Rainforest of the Far East. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Whitmore, T.C. & Page, C.N. 1980. A monograph of Agathis. Plant Systematics and Evolution 135: 4169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willard, D. 2000. A Guide to the Sequoia Groves of California. Yosemite, CA: Yosemite Natural History Association.Google Scholar
York, R.A., Battles, J.J., Eschtruth, A.K., & Schurr, F.G. 2011. Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum) regeneration in experimental canopy gaps Restoration Ecology 19: 1423.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
York, R.A., Fuchs, D., Batttles, J.J. & Stephens, S.L. 2010. Radial growth responses to gap creation in large, old Sequoiadendron giganteum. Applied Vegetation Science 13: 498509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
York, R.A., Thomas, Z. & Restanio, J. 2009. Influence of ash substrate proximity on growth and survival of planted mixed-conifer seedlings. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 24: 117123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zinke, P.J. & Crocker, R.L. 1962. The influence of giant sequoia on soil properties. Forest Science 8(1): 211.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • Sequoiadendron
  • Christopher N. Page, University of Exeter
  • Book: Evolution of the Arborescent Gymnosperms
  • Online publication: 11 November 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009263108.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • Sequoiadendron
  • Christopher N. Page, University of Exeter
  • Book: Evolution of the Arborescent Gymnosperms
  • Online publication: 11 November 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009263108.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Sequoiadendron
  • Christopher N. Page, University of Exeter
  • Book: Evolution of the Arborescent Gymnosperms
  • Online publication: 11 November 2024
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009263108.010
Available formats
×