The wise man as astronomer: As long as you feel the stars to be “above” you, you do not gaze as one who has insight.

The context of German philosophy toward the close of the eighteenth century was dominated by one long-standing cultural crisis: the decline of the Aufklärung, the German Enlightenment. This crisis threw into question its main article of faith: the sovereignty of reason. The Aufklärung was the German “age of reason,” or, since reason was conceived as a critical power, “the age of criticism.” The Aufklärung gave reason complete sovereignty because it claimed that reason could criticize all of our beliefs, accepting or rejecting them strictly according to whether there is sufficient evidence for them … such was the bold programme – and dream – of the Aufklärung. Tragically, though, it carried the seeds of its own destruction. Simply to state its principle of the sovereignty of reason is to raise grave questions about it. For if reason must criticize everything on heaven and earth, must it not also criticize itself?[…]