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13 - Nitrogen flows from European regional watersheds to coastal marine waters

from Part III - Nitrogen flows and fate at multiple spatial scales

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2011

By
Gilles Billen ,
Marie Silvestre ,
Bruna Grizzetti ,
Adrian Leip ,
Josette Garnier ,
Maren Voss ,
Robert Howarth ,
Fayçal Bouraoui ,
Ahti Lepistö  and
Pirkko Kortelainen
...Show all authors
Edited by
Mark A. Sutton ,
Clare M. Howard ,
Jan Willem Erisman ,
Gilles Billen ,
Albert Bleeker ,
Peringe Grennfelt ,
Hans van Grinsven  and
Bruna Grizzetti
Gilles Billen
Affiliation:
University Pierre & Marie Curie
Marie Silvestre
Affiliation:
CNRS – FR3020 FIRE
Bruna Grizzetti
Affiliation:
European Commission Joint Research Centre
Adrian Leip
Affiliation:
European Commission Joint Research Centre
Josette Garnier
Affiliation:
UMR Sisyphe UPMC & CNRS
Maren Voss
Affiliation:
Leibniz-Institute of Baltic Sea Research Warnemuende
Robert Howarth
Affiliation:
Cornell University
Fayçal Bouraoui
Affiliation:
European Commission Joint Research Centre
Ahti Lepistö
Affiliation:
Finnish Environment Institute
Pirkko Kortelainen
Affiliation:
Finnish Environment Institute
Penny Johnes
Affiliation:
University of Reading
Chris Curtis
Affiliation:
University College London Environmental Change Research Centre
Christoph Humborg
Affiliation:
Stockholm University
Erik Smedberg
Affiliation:
Stockholm University
Øyvind Kaste
Affiliation:
Norwegian Institute for Water Research
Raja Ganeshram
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Arthur Beusen
Affiliation:
Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Christiane Lancelot
Affiliation:
Université Libre de Bruxelles
Mark A. Sutton
Affiliation:
NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK
Clare M. Howard
Affiliation:
NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK
Jan Willem Erisman
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
Gilles Billen
Affiliation:
CNRS and University of Paris VI
Albert Bleeker
Affiliation:
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Peringe Grennfelt
Affiliation:
Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL)
Hans van Grinsven
Affiliation:
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Bruna Grizzetti
Affiliation:
European Commission Joint Research Centre
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Summary

Executive summary

Nature of the problem

  • Most regional watersheds in Europe constitute managed human territories importing large amounts of new reactive nitrogen.

  • As a consequence, groundwater, surface freshwater and coastal seawater are undergoing severe nitrogen contamination and/or eutrophication problems.

Approaches

  • A comprehensive evaluation of net anthropogenic inputs of reactive nitrogen (NANI) through atmospheric deposition, crop N fixation, fertiliser use and import of food and feed has been carried out for all European watersheds. A database on N, P and Si fluxes delivered at the basin outlets has been assembled.

  • A number of modelling approaches based on either statistical regression analysis or mechanistic description of the processes involved in nitrogen transfer and transformations have been developed for relating N inputs to watersheds to outputs into coastal marine ecosystems.

Key findings/state of knowledge

  • Throughout Europe, NANI represents 3700 kgN/km²/yr (range, 0–8400 depending on the watershed), i.e. five times the background rate of natural N2 fixation.

  • A mean of approximately 78% of NANI does not reach the basin outlet, but instead is stored (in soils, sediments or ground water) or eliminated to the atmosphere as reactive N forms or as N2.

  • N delivery to the European marine coastal zone totals 810 kgN/km²/yr (range, 200–4000 depending on the watershed), about four times the natural background. In areas of limited availability of silica, these inputs cause harmful algal blooms.

Type
Chapter
Information
The European Nitrogen Assessment
Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives
 , pp. 271 - 297
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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