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19 - Nitrogen as a threat to the European greenhouse balance

from Part IV - Managing nitrogen in relation to key societal threats

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2011

By
Klaus Butterbach-Bahl ,
Eiko Nemitz ,
Sönke Zaehle ,
Gilles Billen ,
Pascal Boeckx ,
Jan Willem Erisman ,
Josette Garnier ,
Rob Upstill-Goddard ,
Michael Kreuzer  and
Oene Oenema
...Show all authors
Edited by
Mark A. Sutton ,
Clare M. Howard ,
Jan Willem Erisman ,
Gilles Billen ,
Albert Bleeker ,
Peringe Grennfelt ,
Hans van Grinsven  and
Bruna Grizzetti
Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
Affiliation:
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
Eiko Nemitz
Affiliation:
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
Sönke Zaehle
Affiliation:
Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
Gilles Billen
Affiliation:
University Pierre & Marie Curie
Pascal Boeckx
Affiliation:
Ghent University
Jan Willem Erisman
Affiliation:
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Josette Garnier
Affiliation:
UMR Sisyphe UPMC & CNRS
Rob Upstill-Goddard
Affiliation:
UMR Sisyphe UPMC & CNRS
Michael Kreuzer
Affiliation:
ETH Zurich Institute of Plant, Animal and Agroecosystem Science
Oene Oenema
Affiliation:
Wageningen University and Research Centre
Stefan Reis
Affiliation:
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
Martijn Schaap
Affiliation:
TNO Built Environment and Geosciences
David Simpson
Affiliation:
Norwegian Meteorological Institute
Wim de Vries
Affiliation:
Wageningen University and Research Centre
Wilfried Winiwarter
Affiliation:
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
Mark A. Sutton
Affiliation:
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology
Mark A. Sutton
Affiliation:
NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK
Clare M. Howard
Affiliation:
NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UK
Jan Willem Erisman
Affiliation:
Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam
Gilles Billen
Affiliation:
CNRS and University of Paris VI
Albert Bleeker
Affiliation:
Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands
Peringe Grennfelt
Affiliation:
Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL)
Hans van Grinsven
Affiliation:
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
Bruna Grizzetti
Affiliation:
European Commission Joint Research Centre
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Summary

Executive summary

Nature of the problem

  • Reactive nitrogen (Nr) is of fundamental importance in biological and chemical processes in the atmosphere–biosphere system, altering the Earth's climate balance in many ways. These include the direct and indirect emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), atmospheric Nr deposition and tropospheric ozone formation (O3), both of which alter the biospheric CO2 sink, Nr supply effects on CH4 emissions, and the formation of secondary atmospheric aerosols resulting from the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3).

  • Human production and release of Nr into the environment is thus expected to have been an important driver of European greenhouse balance. Until now, no assessment has been made of how much of an effect European Nr emissions are having on net warming or cooling.

Approaches

  • This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the role of Nr for global warming. Particular attention is given to the consequences of atmospheric Nr emissions. The chapter draws on inventory data and review of the literature to assess the contribution of anthropogenic atmospheric Nr emissons to the overall change in radiative forcing (between 1750 and 2005) that can be attributed to activities in Europe.

  • The use of Nr fertilizers has major additional effects on climate balance by allowing increased crop and feed production and larger populations of livestock and humans, but these indirect effects are not assessed here.

Type
Chapter
Information
The European Nitrogen Assessment
Sources, Effects and Policy Perspectives
 , pp. 434 - 462
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2011

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