Introduction

In the preface to this book, it was noted that a key objective was to address environments of ageing at different levels of spatial scale (Figure 0.1). This chapter focuses on the global context. As this quote from the United Nations (UN) shows, population ageing continues to advance, occurring during a period of dynamic change when globalisation is producing time–space compression through technological development, and when global capitalism is resulting in consumerism becoming more universal (Sassen, 2004; Jones et al, 2008). The interface between major transformations in global health, demography and household composition is changing during a time of parallel challenges regarding urbanisation, migration, climate change, the built environment and technological development. Neo-liberalism has become the dominant political force, leading environments to become more or less inclusive for different cohorts, generations and groups (Walker, 2005; Phillips and Feng, 2018; IMF, 2020a, 2020b). The issues addressed here are historic and ongoing, with authors such as Phillipson (2003, 2007a, 2007b) alerting us to their breadth, diversity and impact on the ageing individual (see Figure 3.1). Recognition of such changes is discussed internationally and made local through social media (Hyde and Higgs, 2016; Ortega, 2018).

These are factors at macro-level that provide the global context for population ageing; where strategic interactions supported through supranational institutions – the European Union (EU), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the UN, especially the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) and the World Health Organization (WHO) – influence policy development at all levels, including the UN 17 Sustainable Development Goals (see the Glossary). Throughout this text, global population ageing using WHO and UN data is defined as including people both 60 or older and 65 and over. Where discussion focuses on the UK, 65 or older is commonly used.