This chapter methodically discusses the rules of the WTO framework and disciplines relevant to energy, including several outstanding issues treated in case law. It follows the current structure of WTO agreements on goods, services, intellectual property and plurilateral agreements. On this basis, it reveals the where the WTO agreements do not optimally correspond to the realities of the energy sector (eg the goods/services divide). The chapter also highlights outstanding issues in case law and provides a summary table of energy-related disputes to date.