China and India’s energy and climate policy behavior has been puzzling, that is, although both countries have proactively adopted policy measures to address these two issue-areas in accordance with their domestic priorities, they have had to adjust those proactive measures out of external pressures. To solve this puzzle, I put forward my two-level pressures argument and develop four propositions on China and India’s energy and climate policy behavior. In addition, I identify the gaps in the existing literature on China’s energy security and climate change, on global energy and climate governance as well as on China and India in global energy and climate governance. Moreover, I explore the levels-of-analysis debate in IR, which forms the foundation for my two-level pressures analytical framework, account for the theoretical and empirical rationale for selecting China and India as two case studies, and identify four contributions and introduce the structure of this book.