Energy security is a top priority for China and India, given the fact that both countries’ top leaders have rhetorically attached great importance to it as well as the fact that energy security has been written into both countries’ five-year plans. Accordingly, both countries have taken proactive policies at the domestic level to enhance their energy security, including developing renewable energy, expanding nuclear energy, enhancing energy efficiency and reducing energy intensity, in addition to establishing strategic petroleum reserves. The main difference between China and India’s domestic energy policies is that the former has employed more governmental involvement and regulations or a more top-down approach associated with Chinese authoritarian system. In contrast, the latter (or India)’s policy measures are more market-driven or a “bottom-up” approach associated with its democratic system.