Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-29T17:21:24.993Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 6 - Missionaries, Pious Merchants, Freelance Religious Experts, and the Spread of Christianity

from Part II - Religion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 August 2021

Harriet I. Flower
Affiliation:
Princeton University, New Jersey
Get access

Summary

This chapter reviews the networks that made possible the diffusion of the beliefs and practices associated with the figure of Christ during the first and second centuries and concludes that the missionary, the pious merchant, and the occasional Christian traveler should definitively be discarded as likely agents of religious change. Complex contagions such as the diffusion of religious beliefs and practices require as agents individuals who have strong ties, and therefore social capital, in the different networks among which they circulate. In turn, the local networks of diffusion must be both strong-tie and sufficiently open. These findings invite a reopening of the question of the role of the Jewish Diaspora in the spread of Christianity beyond the first century.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ascough, R. S. (2003) Paul’s Macedonian Associations: The Social Context of Philippians and 1 Thessalonians, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 161, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Ascough, R. S. (2007a) “‘A Place to Stand, A Place to Grow’: Architectural and Epigraphic Evidence for Expansion in Greco-Roman Associations,” in Crook, Z. and Harland, P. A. (eds.), Identity and Interaction in the Ancient Mediterranean: Jews, Christians and Others: Festschrift for Stephen G. Wilson, Sheffield: 7698.Google Scholar
Ascough, R. S. (2007b) “Defining Community-Ethos in Light of the ‘Other’: Recruitment Rhetoric among Greco-Roman Associations,” Annali di storia dell’esegesi 24 (1): 5975.Google Scholar
Ascough, R. S. (2014) “Redescribing the Thessalonians’ ‘Mission’ in Light of Graeco-Roman Associations,” New Testament Studies 60 (1): 6182.Google Scholar
Becker, A. H. and Reed, A. Y. (eds.) (2003) The Ways That Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 95, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Beskow, P. (1970) “Mission, Trade and Emigration in the Second Century,” Svensk Exegetisk Årsbok 35: 104114.Google Scholar
Bowers, P. (1976) Studies in Paul’s Understanding of His Mission. PhD diss., University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bowers, P. (1991) “Church and Mission in Paul,” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 14 (44): 89111.Google Scholar
Bremmer, J. N. (2010) The Rise of Christianity through the Eyes of Gibbon, Harnack and Rodney Stark: A Valedictory Lecture on the Occasion of His Retirement from the Chair of Religious Studies, in the Faculty of Theology and Religious Studies, Groningen.Google Scholar
Bricault, L. (2001) Atlas de la diffusion des cultes isiaques (IVe siècle av. J.-C.–IVe siècle apr. J.-C), Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres 23, Paris.Google Scholar
Burt, R. S. (2005) Brokerage and Closure: An Introduction to Social Capital, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Centola, D. and Macy, M. (2007) “Complex Contagions and the Weakness of Long Ties,” American Journal of Sociology 113 (3): 702734.Google Scholar
Collar, A. (2007) “Network Theory and Religious Innovation,” Mediterranean Historical Review 22 (1): 149162.Google Scholar
Collar, A. (2013) Religious Networks in the Roman Empire: The Spread of New Ideas, Oxford.Google Scholar
Cumont, F. (1929) Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, 4th ed., Paris.Google Scholar
Cumont, F. (2006) Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, ed. Bonnet, C. and van Haeperen, F., Bibliotheca Cumontiana, Scripta maiora 1, Turin.Google Scholar
Czachesz, I. (2011) “Women, Charity and Mobility in Early Christianity: Weak Links and the Historical Transformation of Religions,” in Czachesz, I. and Biró, T. S. (eds.), Changing Minds: Religion and Cognition through the Ages, Leuven: 129154.Google Scholar
Dickson, J. P. (2003) Mission-Commitment in Ancient Judaism and in the Pauline Communities: The Shape, Extent and Background of Early Christian Mission, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 159, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Duling, D. C. (2013) “Paul’s Aegean Network: The Strength of Strong Ties,” Biblical Theology Bulletin 43 (3): 135154.Google Scholar
Dunn, J. D. G. (1991) The Partings of the Ways: Between Christianity and Judaism and Their Significance for the Character of Christianity, London.Google Scholar
Easley, D. and Kleinberg, J. (2010) Networks, Crowds, and Markets, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Eckardt, H. (ed.) (2010) Roman Diasporas: Archaeological Approaches to Mobility and Diversity in the Roman Empire, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Supplementary Series 78, Portsmouth, RI.Google Scholar
Fredriksen, P. (2003) “What ‘Parting of the Ways’? Jews, Gentiles and the Ancient Mediterranean City,” in Becker, A. H. and Reed, A. Y. (eds.), The Ways That Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 95, Tübingen: 3563.Google Scholar
Fredriksen, P. (2015) “If It Looks like a Duck, and It Quacks like a Duck …: On Not Giving Up the Godfearers,” in Ashbrook Harvey, S., DesRosiers, N., Lander, S. L., Pastis, J. Z., and Ullucci, D. C. (eds.), A Most Reliable Witness: Essays in Honor of Ross Shepard Kraemer, Brown Judaic Studies 358, Providence, RI: 2534.Google Scholar
Fredriksen, P. (2017) Paul: The Pagans’ Apostle, New Haven.Google Scholar
Frend, W. H. C. (1964) “A Note on the Influence of Greek Immigrants on the Spread of Christianity in the West,” in Mullus: Festschrift Th. Klauser, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum. Ergänzungsband 1, Münster: 125129.Google Scholar
Frend, W. H. C. (1970) “The Missions of the Early Church, 180–700 AD,” in Miscellanea Historiae Ecclesiasticae, Vol. 3, Bibliothèque de la Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique 50, Louvain: 323.Google Scholar
Ghasemiesfeh, G., Ebrahimi, R., and Gao, J. (2013) “Complex Contagion and the Weakness of Long Ties in Social Networks: Revisited,” in Proceedings of the Fourteenth ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce, New York: 507524.Google Scholar
Goodman, M. (1994) Mission and Conversion: Proselytizing in the Religious History of the Roman Empire, Oxford.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. S. (1973) “The Strength of Weak Ties,” American Journal of Sociology 78 (6): 13601380.Google Scholar
Gregory, A. (2016) “Acts and Christian Beginnings: A Review Essay,” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 39 (1): 97115.Google Scholar
Harnack, A. von (1924) Die Mission und Ausbreitung des Christentums in den ersten drei Jahrhunderten, 4th ed., Leipzig.Google Scholar
Harnack, A. von (1962) The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries, trans. James Moffatt, 2. vols., New York.Google Scholar
Hegedus, T. (1998) “The Urban Expansion of the Isis Cult: A Quantitative Approach,” Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 27 (2): 161178.Google Scholar
Holleran, C. (2016) “Getting a Job: Finding Work in the City of Rome,” in Verboven, K. and Laes, C. (eds.), Work, Labour, and Professions in the Roman World, Impact of Empire 23, Leiden: 87103.Google Scholar
Horden, P. and Purcell, N. (2000) The Corrupting Sea: A Study of Mediterranean History, Oxford.Google Scholar
Humphries, M. (1998) “Trading Gods in Northern Italy,” in Parkins, H and Smith, C (eds.), Trade, Traders and the Ancient City, London: 203224.Google Scholar
Hvalvik, R. (2000) “In Word and Deed: The Expansion of the Church in the Pre-Constantinian Era,” in Adna, J. and Kvalbein, H. (eds.), The Mission of the Early Church to Jews and Gentiles, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 127, Tübingen: 265287.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. F. (2010) “Apostolic Geography: The Origins and Continuity of a Hagiographic Habit,” Dumbarton Oaks Papers 64: 525.Google Scholar
Kim, H. and Pfaff, S. (2012) “Structure and Dynamics of Religious Insurgency: Students and the Spread of the Reformation,” American Sociological Review 77 (2): 188215.Google Scholar
Knappett, C. (2011) An Archaeology of Interaction: Network Perspectives on Material Culture and Society, Oxford.Google Scholar
Koskenniemi, E. (2009) “The Philostratean Apollonius as a Teacher,” in Demoen, K. and Praet, D. (eds.), Theios Sophistes: Essays on Flavius Philostratus’ Vita Apollonii, Mnemosyne Supplements 305, Leiden: 321334.Google Scholar
Lampe, P. (2003) From Paul to Valentinus: Christians at Rome in the First Two Centuries, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Lane Fox, R. (1986) Pagans and Christians, New York.Google Scholar
Lieu, J. (2015) Marcion and the Making of a Heretic: God and Scripture in the Second Century, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Liu, J. (2016) “Group Membership, Trust Networks, and Social Capital: A Critical Analysis,” in Verboven, K. and Laes, C. (ed.), Work, Labour, and Professions in the Roman World, Impact of Empire 23, Leiden: 203226.Google Scholar
Lo Cascio, E. and Tacoma, L. E. (eds.) (2016) The Impact of Mobility and Migration in the Roman Empire: Proceedings of the Twelfth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Rome, June 17–19, 2015), Impact of Empire 22, Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mack, B. L. (2001) The Christian Myth: Origins, Logic, and Legacy, New York.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. (1984) Christianizing the Roman Empire (A.D. 100–400), New Haven.Google Scholar
Malaise, M. (1972) Les conditions de pénétration et de diffusion des cultes égyptiens en Italie, Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’empire romain 22, Leiden.Google Scholar
Meeks, W. A. (1983) The First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul, New Haven.Google Scholar
Moatti, C. (ed.) (2004) La mobilité des personnes en Méditerranée de l’antiquité à l’époque moderne: procédures de contrôle et documents d’identification, Collection de l’École française de Rome 341, Rome.Google Scholar
Molland, E. (1970a) “L’antiquité chrétienne a-t-elle eu un programme et des méthodes missionnaires?”, in Miscellanea Historiae Ecclesiasticae, Vol. 3, Bibliothèque de la Revue d’histoire ecclésiastique 50, Louvain: 53–61.Google Scholar
Molland, E. (1970b) Opuscula Patristica, Oslo.Google Scholar
Mount, C. (2002) Pauline Christianity: Luke–Acts and the Legacy of Paul, Supplements to Novum Testamentum 104, Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullen, R. L. (2004) The Expansion of Christianity: A Gazetteer of Its First Three Centuries, Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae 69, Leiden.Google Scholar
Nanos, M. D. and Zetterholm, M. (2015) Paul within Judaism: Restoring the First-Century Context to the Apostle, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Ober, J. (2008) Democracy and Knowledge: Innovation and Learning in Classical Athens, Princeton.Google Scholar
Plummer, R. L. (2006) Paul’s Understanding of the Church’s Mission: Did the Apostle Paul Expect the Early Christian Communities to Evangelize?, Paternoster Biblical Monographs, Waynesboro.Google Scholar
Price, S. R. F. (2012) “Religious Mobility in the Roman Empire,” Journal of Roman Studies 102: 119.Google Scholar
Rajak, T. (2009) Translation and Survival: The Greek Bible of the Ancient Jewish Diaspora, Oxford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, A. Y. and Becker, A. H. (2003) “Introduction: Traditional Models and New Directions,” in Becker, A. H. and Reed, A. Y. (eds.), The Ways That Never Parted: Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 95, Tübingen: 133.Google Scholar
Reinbold, W. (2000) Propaganda und Mission im ältesten Christentum: eine Untersuchung zu den Modalitäten der Ausbreitung der frühen Kirche, Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments 188, Göttingen.Google Scholar
Reinhartz, A. (2006) “Rodney Stark and the Mission to the Jews,” in Vaage, L. E. (ed.), Religious Rivalries in the Early Roman Empire and the Rise of Christianity, Studies in Christianity and Judaism 18, Waterloo: 197212.Google Scholar
Robinson, T. A. (2009) Ignatius of Antioch and the Parting of the Ways: Early Jewish-Christian Relations, Peabody.Google Scholar
Robinson, T. A. (2016) Who Were the First Christians? Dismantling the Urban Thesis, Oxford.Google Scholar
Romero, D. M., Meeder, B., and Kleinberg, J. (2011) “Differences in the Mechanics of Information Diffusion Across Topics: Idioms, Political Hashtags, and Complex Contagion on Twitter,” in Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on World Wide Web, New York: 695704.Google Scholar
Rothschild, C. K. and Schröter, J. (eds.) (2013) The Rise and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries of the Common Era, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 301, Tübingen.Google Scholar
Sanders, C. S. 1902. “Jupiter Dolichenus,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 23: 8492.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanders, J. T. 1999. “Did Early Christianity Succeed Because of Jewish Conversions?”, Social Compass 46 (4): 493505.Google Scholar
Schnabel, E. J. (2004) Early Christian Mission, 2 vols., Downers Grove.Google Scholar
Seesengood, R. P. (2011) “Wrestling with the ‘Macedonian Call’: Paul, Pauline Scholarship, and Nineteenth-Century Colonial Missions,” in Stanley, C. D. (ed.), The Colonized Apostle: Paul through Postcolonial Eyes, Minneapolis: 189205.Google Scholar
Shi, X., Adamic, L. A., and Strauss, M. J. (2007) “Networks of Strong Ties,” Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and Its Applications 378 (1): 3347.Google Scholar
Siegel, D. A. (2009) “Social Networks and Collective Action,” American Journal of Political Science 53 (1): 122138.Google Scholar
Skarsaune, O. (2000) “The Mission to the Jews: A Closed Chapter?”, in Adna, J. and Kvalbein, H. (eds.), The Mission of the Early Church to Jews and Gentiles, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 127, Tübingen: 6983.Google Scholar
Smith, D. E. and Tyson, J. B. (2013) Acts and Christian Beginnings: The Acts Seminar Report, Salem, OR.Google Scholar
Sosin, J. D. (1999) “Tyrian Stationarii at Puteoli,” Tyche 14: 275284.Google Scholar
Spittler, J. E. (2013) “Christianity at the Edges: Representations of the Ends of the Earth in the Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles,” in Rothschild, C. K. and Schröter, J. (eds.), The Rise and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries of the Common Era, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 301, Tübingen: 353375.Google Scholar
Stark, R. (1986) “Jewish Conversion and the Rise of Christianity: Rethinking the Received Wisdom,” in Richards, K. H. (ed.), Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers, Atlanta: 314329.Google Scholar
Stark, R. (1991) “Christianizing the Urban Empire: An Analysis Based on 22 Greco-Roman Cities,” Sociological Analysis 52 (1): 7788.Google Scholar
Stark, R. (1996) The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History, Princeton.Google Scholar
Stark, R. (2006) Cities of God: The Real Story of How Christianity Became an Urban Movement and Conquered Rome, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Stowers, S. (2011) “Kinds of Myth, Meals, and Power: Paul and the Corinthians,” in Cameron, R. and Miller, M. P. (eds.), Redescribing Paul and the Corinthians, ed., Early Christianity and Its Literature 5, Atlanta: 105149.Google Scholar
Stowers, S. (2015) “The Social Formations of Paul and His Romans: Synagogues, Churches, and Ockham’s Razor,” in Ashbrook Harvey, S., DesRosiers, N., Lander, S. L., Pastis, J. Z., and Ullucci, D. C. (eds.), A Most Reliable Witness: Essays in Honor of Ross Shepard Kraemer, Brown Judaic Studies 358, Providence: 7788.Google Scholar
Stuhlmacher, P. (2000) “Matt 28: 16–20 and the Course of Mission in the Apostolic and Postapostolic Age,” in Adna, J. and Kvalbein, H. (eds.), The Mission of the Early Church to Jews and Gentiles, Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament 127, Tübingen: 1743.Google Scholar
Tacoma, L. E. (2016) Moving Romans: Migration to Rome in the Principate, Oxford.Google Scholar
Terpstra, T. T. (2013) Trading Communities in the Roman World: A Micro-Economic and Institutional Perspective, Columbia Studies in the Classical Tradition 37, Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiessen, M. (2011) Contesting Conversion: Genealogy, Circumcision, and Identity in Ancient Judaism and Christianity, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiessen, M. (2016) Paul and the Gentile Problem, New York.Google Scholar
Townsend, J. T. (1985) “Missionary Journeys in Acts and European Missionary Societies,” Anglican Theological Review 68 (2): 99104.Google Scholar
Verboven, K. (2011) “Resident Aliens and Translocal Merchant Collegia in the Roman Empire,” in Hekster, O. and Kaizer, T (eds.), Frontiers in the Roman World: Proceedings of the Ninth Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Durham, 16–19 April 2009), Impact of Empire 13, Leiden: 335348.Google Scholar
Wendt, H. (2016) At the Temple Gates: The Religion of Freelance Experts in the Roman Empire, New York.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (2012) Rome: An Empire’s Story, Oxford.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (2016a) “Movers and Stayers,” in de Ligt, L. and Tacoma, L. E. (eds.), Migration and Mobility in the Early Roman Empire, Studies in Global Migration History 7, Leiden: 438461.Google Scholar
Woolf, G. (2016b) “Only Connect? Network Analysis and Religious Change in the Roman World,” Hélade 2 (2): 4358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wortham, R. A. (2006) “Urban Networks, Deregulated Religious Markets, Cultural Continuity and the Diffusion of the Isis Cult,” Method & Theory in the Study of Religion 18 (2): 103123.Google Scholar
Wortham, R. A. (2016) “Religious Pluralism, Cultural Continuity and the Expansion of Early Christianity: Stark Revisited,” The Social Science Journal 53 (4): 573580.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×