Abel, J. E. (2019). Not everyone’s: or, the question of emoji as ‘universal’ expression. In Giannoulis, E. & Wilde, L. R. A. (Eds), Emoticons, Kaomoji, and Emoji (pp. 25–43). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Abercrombie, D. (1968). Paralanguage. British Journal of Disorders of Communication, 3(1), 55–59.Google Scholar

Adami, E., & Jewitt, C. (2016). Special Issue: Social media and visual communication. Visual Communication, 15(3), 263–270.Google Scholar

Ai, W., Lu, X., Liu, X., Wang, N., Huang, G., & Mei, Q. (2017). Untangling emoji popularity through semantic embeddings. Paper presented at the Eleventh International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, May 15–18, 2017, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.Google Scholar

Al-Rawi, A. (2022). Hashtagged trolling and emojified hate against Muslims on social media. Religions, 13(6), 521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Al-Rawi, A., Siddiqi, M., Morgan, R., Vandan, N., Smith, J., & Wenham, C. (2020). COVID-19 and the gendered use of emojis on Twitter: infodemiology study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11). https://www.jmir.org/2020/11/e21646/.Google Scholar

Albert, G. (2020). Beyond the binary: Emoji as a challenge to the image-word distinction. In Thurlow, C., Dürscheid, C., & Diémoz, F. (Eds), Visualizing Digital Discourse (pp. 65–80). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar

Allison, M. (2020). ‘So long, and thanks for all the fish!’: urban dolphins as ecofascist fake news during COVID-19. Journal of Environmental Media, 1(1). https://intellectdiscover.com/content/journals/10.1386/jem_00025_1?crawler=true#.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arviv, E., & Tsur, O. (2021). How to do things without words: modeling semantic drift of emoji. arXiv preprint https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.04093.Google Scholar

Baker, P. (2006). Using Corpora in Discourse Analysis: New Orleans, IN: A&C Black.Google Scholar

Barbieri, F., Camacho-Collados, J., Ronzano, F. et al. (2018). Semeval 2018 task 2: multilingual emoji prediction. Paper presented at the Proceedings of The 12th International Workshop on Semantic Evaluation June, 2018, New Orleans.Google Scholar

Beckett, C. (2016). The rhetoric of the loop: animated gifs and documentary film. FLOW. http://www.flowjournal.org/2016/10/the-rhetoric-of-the-loop/, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Bednarek, M. (2009). Corpora and discourse: a three-pronged approach to analyzing linguistic data. Paper presented at the Selected Proceedings of the 2008 HCSNet Workshop on Designing the Australian National Corpus, Somerville, MA.Google Scholar

Berard, B. (2018). I second that emoji: the standards, structures, and social production of emoji. First Monday, 23(9). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i9.9381Google Scholar

Bick, E. (2020). Annotating emoticons and emojis in a German-Danish social media corpus for hate speech research. RASK–International Journal of Language and Communication, 52, 1–20. https://portal.findresearcher.sdu.dk/en/publications/annotating-emoticons-and-emojis-in-a-german-danish-social-media-cGoogle Scholar

Cappallo, S., Svetlichnaya, S., Garrigues, P., Mensink, T., & Snoek, C. G. (2018). New modality: emoji challenges in prediction, anticipation, and retrieval. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 21(2), 402–415.Google Scholar

Cohn, N., Engelen, J., & Schilperoord, J. (2019). The grammar of emoji? Constraints on communicative pictorial sequencing. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 4(1), 33.Google Scholar

Collins, L. C. (2020). Working with images and emoji in the Dukki Facebook Corpus. In Rüdiger, S. & Dayter, D. (Eds), Corpus Approaches to Social Media (Vol. 98, pp. 175–196). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Częstochowska, J., Gligorić, K., Peyrard, M. et al. (2022). On the context-free ambiguity of emoji. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, June 6–9, Atlanta, Georgia.Google Scholar

Dabkowski, M., & Bai, J. (2016). Proposal for a PRETZEL emoji. https://unicode.org/L2/L2016/16374-pretzel-emoji.pdf, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Dainas, A., & Herring, S. (2021). Interpreting emoji pragmatics. In Xie, C., Yus, F., & Haberland, H. (Eds), Internet Pragmatics: Theory and Practice (pp. 107–144). Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar

Dancygier, B., & Vandelanotte, L. (2017). Internet memes as multimodal constructions. Cognitive Linguistics, 28(3), 565–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Danesi, M. (2016). The Semiotics of Emoji: The Rise of Visual Language in the Age of the Internet. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar

Daniel, J. (2021). The most frequently used emoji of 2021. https://home.unicode.org/emoji/emoji-frequency/, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Das, A. (2021). How has the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic affected global emoji usage? Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 31(1–4), 425–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, M., & Edberg, P. (2018). Unicode Technical Standard# 51: Unicode Emoji, Version 12.0. The Unicode Consortium. http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr51/tr51-15.html, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

De Seta, G. (2018). Biaoqing: the circulation of emoticons, emoji, stickers, and custom images on Chinese digital media platforms. First Monday, 23(9). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i9.9391Google Scholar

Djonov, E., & van Leeuwen, T. (2018). Social media as semiotic technology and social practice: the case of ResearchGate’s design and its potential to transform social practice. Social Semiotics, 28(5), 641–664.Google Scholar

Doran, Y. J. (2019). Academic formalisms: toward a semiotic typology. In Doran, Y. J., Martin, J. R. & Figueredo, Giacomo (Eds), Systemic Functional Language Description (pp. 331–358). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Doran, Y. J., Martin, J. R., & Zappavigna, M. (2024). Affiliation and Systemic Functional Linguistics: Negotiating Community. London: Equinox.Google Scholar

Dresner, E., & Herring, S. (2010). Functions of the nonverbal in CMC: emoticons and illocutionary force. Communication Theory, 20(3), 249–268.Google Scholar

Dresner, E., & Herring, S. (2014). Emoticons and illocutionary force. In Dana Riesenfeld, G. S. (Ed.), Perspectives on Theory of Controversies and the Ethics of Communication (pp. 81–90). Dordrecht: Springer.Google Scholar

Dreyfus, S., Hood, S., & Stenglin, M. (Eds). (2011). Semiotic Margins: Meaning in Multimodalities. London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Dürscheid, C., & Haralambous, Y. (2021). Emojis are everywhere: how emojis conquer new contexts. Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, (4), 501–512.Google Scholar

Dürscheid, C., & Meletis, D. (2019). Emojis: a grapholinguistic approach. In Y. Haralambous (Ed.), Grapholinguistics and Its Applications, (Vol. 1), pp. 167–183. Brest: Fluxus Edition.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eggins, S., & Slade, D. (1997/2005). Analysing Casual Conversation. New York; London: Cassell.Google Scholar

Eisner, B., Rocktäschel, T., Augenstein, I., Bošnjak, M., & Riedel, S. (2016). Learning emoji representations from their description. Paper presented at the Proceedings of The Fourth International Workshop on Natural Language Processing for Social Media, Austin, TX, USA, November 1, 2016.Google Scholar

Emojipedia®, . (n.d.). Eyes emoji. https://emojipedia.org/eyes/, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Escouflaire, L. (2021). Signaling irony, displaying politeness, replacing words: the eight linguistic functions of emoji in computer-mediated discourse. Lingvisticæ Investigationes, 44(2), 204–235.Google Scholar

Etaywe, A., & Zappavigna, M. (2022). Identity, ideology and threatening communication: An investigation of patterns of attitude in terrorist discourse. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 10(2), 315–350.Google Scholar

Fan, Y. (2022). Analyzing the semiotic nature of GIFs: visual nominalization and visual telicity. Language and Semiotic Studies, 8(3), 45–65.Google Scholar

Fernández-Gavilanes, M., Juncal-Martínez, J., García-Méndez, S., Costa-Montenegro, E., & González-Castano, F. J. (2018). Creating emoji lexica from unsupervised sentiment analysis of their descriptions. Expert Systems with Applications, 103, 74–91. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0957417418301222Google Scholar

Fitzpatrick, T. B. (1988). The validity and practicality of sun-reactive skin types I through VI. Archives of Dermatology, 124(6), 869–871.Google Scholar

Gawne, L., & Daniel, J. (2021). The past and future of hand emoji. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media, June 7–8, 2021, Atlanta, GA, United States.Google Scholar

Gawne, L., & McCulloch, G. (2019). Emoji as digital gestures. Language@ Internet, 17(2). https://www.languageatinternet.org/articles/2019/gawneGoogle Scholar

Ge, J. (2019). Emoji sequence use in enacting personal identity. Paper presented at the Companion Proceedings of the 2019 World Wide Web Conference, May 13–17, 2019, San Francisco.Google Scholar

Ge, J., & Herring, S. (2018). Communicative functions of emoji sequences on Sina Weibo. First Monday, 23(11). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i11.9413Google Scholar

Gibson, J. J. (1979). The Ecological Approach to Perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Gibson, W., Huang, P., & Yu, Q. (2018). Emoji and communicative action: the semiotics, sequence and gestural actions of ‘face covering hand’. Discourse, Context & Media, 26, 91–99.Google Scholar

Gn, J. (2018). Emoji as a ‘language’ of cuteness. First Monday, 23(9). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v23i9.9396, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Gray, K., & Holmes, S. (2020). Tracing ecologies of code literacy and constraint in emojis as multimodal public pedagogy. Computers and Composition, 55. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S875546152030013XGoogle Scholar

Guibon, G., Ochs, M., & Bellot, P. (2018). From emoji usage to categorical emoji prediction. Paper presented at the 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing (CICLING 2018), March 18–24, 2018, Hanoi, Vietnam.Google Scholar

Halliday, M. A. K. (1976). Anti-languages. American Anthropologist, 78(3), 570–584.Google Scholar

Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar

Halliday, M. A. K. (1979). Modes of meaning and modes of expression: types of grammatical structure, and their determination by different semantic functions. In Allerton, D. J., Carney, E., & Holdcroft, D. (Eds), Function Context in Linguistic Analysis: Essays Offered to William Haas (Vol. 1, pp. 57–79). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Halliday, M. A. K. (1989). Spoken and Written Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1985). Language, Context and Text: Aspects of Language in a Social Semiotic Perspective. Geelong, Victoria: Deakin University Press.Google Scholar

Halliday, M. A. K., & Martin, J. R. (2003). Writing Science: Literacy and Discursive Power. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (1999/2006). Construing Experience Through Meaning: A Language-Based Approach to Cognition. London: Cassell.Google Scholar

Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd ed.). London: Hodder Education Publishers.Google Scholar

Halliday, M. A. K., & Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2014). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (4th ed.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Hao, J. (2015). Construing biology: An ideational perspective. (PhD Thesis). Sydney: University of Sydney. https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/13955, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Hao, J. (2020). Analysing Scientific Discourse from a Systemic Functional Linguistic Perspective: A Framework for Exploring Knowledge Building in Biology. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Hao, J., & Humphrey, S. (2009). The role of ‘coupling’ in biological experimental reports. Linguistics & the Human Sciences, 5(2). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270415254_The_Role_of_’Coupling’_in_Biological_Experimental_Reports/citation/downloadGoogle Scholar

He, J. (2022). Sharing emotions or/and making allies: emoji’s interpersonal function in Chinese social media news comments. Social Semiotics, 1–16. https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080%2F10350330.2021.2025355Google Scholar

Herring, S., & Dainas, A. (2017). ‘Nice picture comment!’ Graphicons in Facebook comment threads. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 4–7, 2017, Waikoloa Village, Hawaii.Google Scholar

Herring, S., Dainas, A., & Tang, Y. (2021). ‘MEOW! Okay, I shouldn’t have done that’: factors influencing vocal performance through animoji. Paper presented at the 15th International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, held virtually from June 7 to 10, 2021.Google Scholar

Hood, S. (2010). Appraising Research: Evaluation in Academic Writing. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Hutchby, I. (2001). Technologies, texts and affordances. Sociology, 35(2), 441–456.Google Scholar

Iconfactory, . (2022). Twitter emoji. https://design.iconfactory.com/twitter-emoji/, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Inwood, O., & Zappavigna, M. (2021). Ambient affiliation, misinformation and moral panic: negotiating social bonds in a YouTube internet hoax. Discourse & Communication, 15(3), 281–307.Google Scholar

Inwood, O., & Zappavigna, M. (2022). A systemic functional linguistics approach to analyzing white supremacist and conspiratorial discourse on YouTube. The Communication Review, 25(3–4), 204–234.Google Scholar

Jovanovic, D., & van Leeuwen, T. (2018). Multimodal dialogue on social media. Social Semiotics, 28(5), 683–699.Google Scholar

Kaiser, E. (2021). Focus marking with emoji: on the relation between information structure and expressive meaning. Paper presented at the Colloque de syntaxe et sémantique á Paris (CSSP), Paris, France, December 9–11, 2021.Google Scholar

Kaiser, E., & Grosz, P. G. (2021). Anaphoricity in emoji: an experimental investigation of face and non-face emoji. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, virtually, January 7–10, 2021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katsumata, Y. (2022). How many more emoji do we need? In Cammaerts, B. & Derand, L. (Eds), Media@LSE MSc Dissertation Series (pp. 1–43). London: Media@LSE, London School of Economics and Political Science.Google Scholar

Katsuno, H., & Yano, C. R. (2002). Face to face: on-line subjectivity in contemporary Japan. Asian Studies Review, 26(2), 205–231.Google Scholar

Kehoe, A., & Gee, M. (2019). Analysing emojis in context in a corpus of Twitter data. Paper presented at the 8th Biennial International Conference on the Linguistics of Contemporary English, University of Bamberg, Germany, September 26–28, 2019.Google Scholar

Kimura, M., & Katsurai, M. (2017). Automatic construction of an emoji sentiment lexicon. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining, Sydney, Australia, July 31–August 03, 2017.Google Scholar

Knight, N. K. [naomiknight_realestate]. (2022). A Townhouse bright and cheery for your Morning Coffee! https://www.instagram.com/naomiknight%5Frealestate/, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Knight, N. K. (2008). ‘Still cool … and American too!’: an SFL analysis of deferred bonds in internet messaging humour. In Nørgaard, N. (Ed.), Systemic Functional Linguistics in Use, Odense Working Papers in Language and Communication (Vol. 29). Odense: Institute of Language and Communication, University of Southern Denmark.Google Scholar

Knight, N. K. (2010a). Laughing our bonds off: conversational humour in relation to affiliation. (PhD Thesis). Sydney: University of Sydney. https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/6656.Google Scholar

Knight, N. K. (2010b). Wrinkling complexity: concepts of identity and affiliation in humour. In Bednarek, M. & Martin, J. R. (Eds), New Discourse on Language: Functional Perspectives on Multimodality, Identity, and Affiliation (pp. 35–58). London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Knight, N. K. (2013). Evaluating experience in funny ways: how friends bond through conversational humour. Text & Talk, 33(4–5), 553–574. doi:10.1515/text-2013-0025Google Scholar

Konrad, A., Herring, S., & Choi, D. (2020). Sticker and emoji use in Facebook Messenger: implications for graphicon change. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 25(3), 217–235.Google Scholar

Kralj Novak, P., Smailović, J., Sluban, B., & Mozetič, I. (2015). Sentiment of emojis. PloS One, 10(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144296, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Kress, G. R. (2010). Multimodality: A Social Semiotic Approach to Contemporary Communication. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Kress, G. R., Jewitt, C., Ogborn, J., & Tsatsarelis, C. (2006). Multimodal Teaching and Learning: The Rhetorics of the Science Classroom. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar

Kress, G. R., & van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Multimodal Discourse: The Modes and Media of Contemporary Communication. London: Edward Arnold.Google Scholar

Kress, G. R., & van Leeuwen, T. (2006). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design (2nd ed.). London: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Lazzini, A., Lazzini, S., Balluchi, F., & Mazza, M. (2022).Emotions, moods and hyperreality: social media and the stock market during the first phase of COVID-19 pandemic. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 35(1), 199–215.Google Scholar

Lemke, J. L. (1998). Multiplying meaning: visual and verbal semiotics in scientific text. In Martin, J. R. & Veel, R. (Eds), Reading Science: Critical and Functional Perspectives on Discourses of Science (pp. 87–113). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Li, L., & Yang, Y. (2018). Pragmatic functions of emoji in internet-based communication: a corpus-based study. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education, 3(1), 1–12.Google Scholar

Li, M., Guntuku, S., Jakhetiya, V., & Ungar, L. (2019). Exploring (dis-) similarities in emoji-emotion association on twitter and weibo. Paper presented at the Companion Proceedings of The 2019 World Wide Web Conference. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144296, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Lieber Milo, S. (2017). The macro and micro aspects and effects of kawaii. (PhD). Osaka University.Google Scholar

Lim, S. S. (2015). On stickers and communicative fluidity in social media. Social Media+ Society, 1(1), 2056305115578137.Google Scholar

Littlemore, J., & Tagg, C. (2018). Metonymy and text messaging: a framework for understanding creative uses of metonymy. Applied Linguistics, 39(4), 481–507.Google Scholar

Liu, F. (2018). Lexical metaphor as affiliative bond in newspaper editorials: a systemic functional linguistics perspective. Functional Linguistics, 5(1), 1–14. doi:10.1186/s40554-018-0054-zGoogle Scholar

Logi, L. (2021). Impersonation, expectation and humorous affiliation: how intermodal impersonation and linguistic expectation are employed by stand-up comedians to create humour. (PhD thesis). Sydney: UNSW. https://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/entities/publication/5d9c5bbf-3ace-4085-91d0-49a3c58e3b90Google Scholar

Logi, L., & Zappavigna, M. (2019). Dialogic resources in interactional humour. Journal of Pragmatics, 153, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Logi, L., & Zappavigna, M. (2021a). Impersonated personae: paralanguage, dialogism and affiliation in stand-up comedy. HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research, 34(3), 339–373.Google Scholar

Logi, L., & Zappavigna, M. (2021b). A social semiotic perspective on emoji: how emoji and language interact to make meaning in digital messages. New Media & Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448211032Google Scholar

Logi, L., & Zappavigna, M. (2022). Affiliation: an appliable framework for exploring community and identity in discourse. In Caldwell, D., Martin, J. R. R., & Knox, J. S. (Eds), Appliable Linguistics and Social Semiotics: Developing Theory from Practice (pp. 325–340). London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Logi, L., Zappavigna, M., & Martin, J. R. (2022). Bodies talk: modelling paralanguage in Systemic Functional Linguistics. In Caldwell, D., Martin, J. R., & Knox, J. S. (Eds), Developing Theory: A Handbook in Appliable Linguistics and Semiotics (pp. 487–506). London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Loomis, S. R., Winstein, K., & Lee, J. (2016). Coded hashes of arbitrary images (or: the last frontier of emoji encoding). http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16105-unicode-image-hash.pdf, accessed on February 6, 2023.Google Scholar

Lu, Q. (2019). Computers and Chinese writing systems. In Huang, C., Zhuo, J., & Meisterernst, B. (Eds), The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Applied Linguistics (pp. 461–482). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Makki, M., & Zappavigna, M. (2022). Out-grouping and ambient affiliation in Donald Trump’s tweets about Iran: exploring the role of negative evaluation in enacting solidarity. Pragmatics, 32(1), 104–130.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R. (1992). English Text: System and Structure. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R. (2001). Fair trade: negotiating meaning in multimodal texts. In P. Coppock (Ed.) The Semiotics of Writing: Transdisciplinary Perspectives on the Technology of Writing, (pp. 311–338). Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R. (2004). Mourning: how we get aligned. Discourse & Society, 15(2–3), 321–344.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R. (2008a). Innocence: realisation, instantiation and individuation in a Botswanan town. In Mahboob, A. & Knight, N. K. (Eds), Questioning Linguistics (pp. 32–76). Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R. (2008b). Intermodal reconciliation: mates in arms. In Unsworth, L. (Ed.), New Literacies and the English Curriculum: Multimodal Perspectives (pp. 112–148). London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R. (2010). Semantic variation: modelling realisation, instantiation and individuation in social semiosis. In Martin, J. R. & Bednarek, M. (Eds), New Discourse on Language: Functional Perspectives on Multimodality, Identity, and Affiliation (pp. 1–34). New York; London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R. (2011). Multimodal semiotics: theoretical challenges. In Dreyfus, S., Hood, S., & Stenglin, M. (Eds), Semiotic Margins: Meaning in Multimodalities (pp. 243–270). London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R. (2013). Systemic Functional Grammar: A Next Step into the Theory-Axial Relations (第1版. Di 1 ban. ed.). Beijing: Beijing Shi: Gao deng jiao yu chu ban she.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R. (2014). Evolving systemic functional linguistics: beyond the clause. Functional Linguistics, 1(1), 3.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2003). Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause (1st ed.). London: Continuum.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2007). Working with Discourse: Meaning Beyond the Clause (2nd ed.). London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R., & Stenglin, M. (2006). Materializing reconciliation: negotiating difference in a transcolonial exhibition. In Royce, T. & B. W. (Eds), New Directions in the Analysis of Multimodal Discourse (pp. 215–238). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R., & White, P. R. R. (2005). The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Martin, J. R., & Zappavigna, M. (2019). Embodied meaning: a systemic functional perspective on paralanguage. Functional Linguistics, 6(1), 1.Google Scholar

McCulloch, G., & Gawne, L. (2018). Emoji grammar as beat gestures. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Emoji Understanding and Applications in Social Media, Standford, June 25, 2018.Google Scholar

McGrenere, J., & Ho, W. (2000). Affordances: clarifying and evolving a concept. Paper presented at the Graphics Interface, May 15–17, Montréal, Québec, Canada.Google Scholar

McIvor, M., & Amesbury, R. (2017). Emoji dei: religious iconography in the digital age. Bulletin for the Study of Religion, 46(3–4), 56–61.Google Scholar

McKay, I. (2020). Some distributional patterns in the use of typed laughter-derived expressions on Twitter. Journal of Pragmatics, 166, 97–113. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378216620301211Google Scholar

McNeill, D. (1992). Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal About Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Medlock, B., & McCulloch, G. (2016). The linguistic secrets found in billions of emoji. Paper presented at the SXSW, March 11–19, Austin, TX.Google Scholar

Miller, H., Thebault-Spieker, J., Chang, S., Johnson, I., Terveen, L., & Hecht, B. (2016). ‘Blissfully happy’ or ‘ready to fight’: varying interpretations of emoji. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, May 17–20, 2016, Cologne, Germany.Google Scholar

Miller Hillberg, H., Levonian, Z., Kluver, D., Terveen, L., & Hecht, B. (2018). What I see is what you don’t get: the effects of (not) seeing emoji rendering differences across platforms. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW), 1–24.Google Scholar

Miltner, K. M. (2020). ‘One part politics, one part technology, one part history’: racial representation in the Unicode 7.0 emoji set. New Media & Society 23(3).Google Scholar

Miltner, K. M., & Highfield, T. (2017). Never gonna GIF you up: analyzing the cultural significance of the animated GIF. Social Media+ Society, 3(3).Google Scholar

Miyake, K. (2020). Evolution of emoji and beyond: a diachronic observation of visual representations in Japanese mobile media. 東洋大学人間科学総合研究所紀要 [Bulletin of the Research Institute for Human Sciences, Toyo University], 22, 1–15.Google Scholar

Moschini, I. (2016). The ‘face with tears of joy’ emoji: a socio-semiotic and multimodal insight into a Japan-America mash-up. HERMES – Journal of Language and Communication in Business, (55), 11–25.Google Scholar

Moyle, L., Childs, A., Coomber, R., & Barratt, M. J. (2019). #Drugsforsale: an exploration of the use of social media and encrypted messaging apps to supply and access drugs. International Journal of Drug Policy, 63, 101–110.Google Scholar

Ngo, T., Martin, J. R., Hood, S., Painter, C., Smith, B. A., & Zappavigna, M. (2021). Modelling Paralanguage Using Systemic Functional Semiotics: Theory and Application. London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar

Norman, D. A. (1988). The Psychology of Everyday Things. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

O’Halloran, K. (1999). Interdependence, interaction and metaphor in multisemiotic texts. Social Semiotics, 9(3), 317–354.Google Scholar

O’Halloran, K. (2004). Multimodal Discourse Analysis: Systemic Functional Perspectives. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Oomori, K., Shitara, A., Minagawa, T., Sarcar, S., & Ochiai, Y. (2020, October). A preliminary study on understanding voice-only online meetings using emoji-based captioning for deaf or hard of hearing users. In Huang Guo Wen (Ed.), Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (pp. 1–4). Lisbon: University of Lisbon. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3373625.3418032Google Scholar

Page, R., Barton, D., Unger, J. W., & Zappavigna, M. (2014). Researching Language and Social Media: A Student Guide. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Painter, C., & Martin, J. R. (2012). Intermodal complementarity: modelling affordances across verbiage and image in children’s picture books. In G. W. Huang (Ed.), Studies in Systemic Functional Linguistics and Discourse Analysis (III) (pp. 132–158). Beijing: Higher Education Press.Google Scholar

Painter, C., Martin, J. R., & Unsworth, L. (2013). Reading Visual Narratives: Image Analysis of Children’s Picture Books. London: Equinox.Google Scholar

Panckhurst, R., & Frontini, F. (2020). Evolving interactional practices of emoji in text message. In Crispin Thurlow, Christa Dürscheid & Federica Diémoz (Eds), Visualizing Digital Discourse (pp. 81–103). Berlin: De Gruyter.Google Scholar

Parkwell, C. (2019). Emoji as social semiotic resources for meaning-making in discourse: mapping the functions of the toilet emoji in Cher’s tweets about Donald Trump. Discourse, Context & Media, 30.Google Scholar

Pavalanathan, U., & Eisenstein, J. (2016). More emojis, less:) The competition for paralinguistic function in microblog writing. First Monday, 21(11). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v21i11.6879Google Scholar

Pellitteri, M. (2018). Kawaii aesthetics from Japan to Europe: theory of the Japanese ‘cute’ and transcultural adoption of its styles in Italian and French comics production and commodified culture goods. Arts, 7(3), 24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pérez-Sabater, C. (2019). Emoticons in relational writing practices on WhatsApp: some reflections on gender. In Bou-Franch, P. & Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P. (Eds), Analyzing Digital Discourse: New Insights and Future Directions (pp. 163–189). Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Reifman, A., Ursua-Benitez, M., Niehuis, S., Willis-Grossmann, E., & Thacker, M. (2020). # HappyAnniversary: gender and age differences in spouses’ and partners’ Twitter greetings. Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 14(1), 54–68.Google Scholar

Rettberg, J. W. (2017). Hand signs for lip-syncing: the emergence of a gestural language on musical.ly as a video-based equivalent to emoji. Social Media+ Society, 3(4), 2056305117735751.Google Scholar

Robertson, A., Liza, F. F., Nguyen, D., McGillivray, B., & Hale, S. A. (2021). Semantic journeys: quantifying change in emoji meaning from 2012–2018. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.00846.Google Scholar

Robertson, A., Magdy, W., & Goldwater, S. (2021). Black or white but never neutral: how readers perceive identity from yellow or skin-toned emoji. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 5(CSCW2), 1–23.Google Scholar

Rothenberg, M. (2013). Emojitracker. http://www.emojitracker.com/Google Scholar

Royce, T., & Bowcher, W. (Eds). (2007). New Directions in the Analysis of Multimodal Discourse. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Sampietro, A. (2016). Exploring the punctuating effect of emoji in Spanish Whatsapp chats. Lenguas Modernas, (47), 91–113.Google Scholar

Sampietro, A. (2019). Emoji and rapport management in Spanish WhatsApp chats. Journal of Pragmatics, 143, 109–120.Google Scholar

Sampietro, A., Felder, S., & Siebenhaar, B. (2022). Do you kiss when you text? Cross-cultural differences in the use of the kissing emojis in three WhatsApp corpora. Intercultural Pragmatics, 19(2), 183–208.Google Scholar

Sasamoto, R. (2022). Perceptual resemblance and the communication of emotion in digital contexts: a case of emoji and reaction GIFs. Pragmatics, 33(3), 393–417. https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.21058.sasGoogle Scholar

Seargeant, P. (2019). The Emoji Revolution: How Technology Is Shaping the Future of Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Shardlow, M., Gerber, L., & Nawaz, R. (2022). One emoji, many meanings: a corpus for the prediction and disambiguation of emoji sense. Expert Systems with Applications, 198.Google Scholar

Shiha, M., & Ayvaz, S. (2017). The effects of emoji in sentiment analysis. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJCEE), 9(1), 360–369.Google Scholar

Shonenkov, A., Bakshandaeva, D., Dimitrov, D., & Nikolich, A. (2021). Emojich–zero-shot emoji generation using Russian language: a technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.02448.Google Scholar

Siever, C. M. (2019). ‘Iconographetic communication’ in digital media: emoji in WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram, Facebook – from a linguistic perspective. In Giannoulis, Elena & Wilde, Lukas R. A. (Eds), Emoticons, Kaomoji, and Emoji (pp. 127–147). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Siever, C. M., Siever, T., & Stöckl, H. (2020). Emoji–text relations on Instagram: empirical corpus studies on multimodal uses of the iconographetic mode. In Stöckl, Hartmut, Caple, Helen & Pflaeging, Jana (Eds), Shifts Toward Image-Centricity in Contemporary Multimodal Practices (pp. 177–203). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Solomon, B. (2021). demoji 1.1.0, Version 1.x. https://pypi.org/project/demoji/Google Scholar

Spina, S. (2019). Role of emoticons as structural markers in Twitter interactions. Discourse Processes, 56(4), 345–362.Google Scholar

Stark, L. (2018). Facial recognition, emotion and race in animated social media. First Monday. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120933285Google Scholar

Steinberg, M. (2020). LINE as super app: platformization in East Asia. Social Media+ Society, 6(2), 2056305120933285.Google Scholar

Stenglin, M. (2008). Interpersonal meaning in 3D space: how a bonding icon gets its ‘charge’. In Unsworth, Len (Ed.), Multimodal Semiotics: Functional Analysis in Contexts of Education (pp. 50–66). London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Stenglin, M. (2012). Transformation & transcendence: bonding through ritual. Paper presented at the International Systemic Functional Linguistics Conference, University of Technology, Sydney July 16–20, 2012.Google Scholar

Stöckl, H., Caple, H., & Pflaeging, J. (2020). Shifts Towards Image-Centricity in Contemporary Multimodal Practices. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Sutton, S., & Lawson, S. (2017). A provocation for rethinking and democratising emoji design. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference Companion Publication on Designing Interactive Systems, New York.Google Scholar

Sweeney, M. E., & Whaley, K. (2019). Technically white: emoji skin-tone modifiers as American technoculture. First Monday, 24(7). http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v24i7.10060Google Scholar

Szenes, E. (2016). The linguistic construction of business reasoning: Towards a language-based model of decision-making in undergraduate business. (PhD thesis). Sydney: University of Sydney. https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/16815, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Szenes, E. (2021). The linguistic construction of business decisions: a systemic functional linguistic perspective. Language, Context and Text, 3(2), 335–366.Google Scholar

Tagg, C., & Lyons, A. (2021). Repertoires on the move: exploiting technological affordances and contexts in mobile messaging interactions. International Journal of Multilingualism, 18(2), 244–266.Google Scholar

Thurlow, C., Dürscheid, C., & Diémoz, F. (2020). Visualizing Digital Discourse: Interactional, Institutional and Ideological Perspectives (Vol. 21). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.Google Scholar

Twitter. (2020). Twemoji. https://github.com/twitter/twemoji, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Unicode Consortium. (2020). Emoji ordering, v13.0. https://unicode.org/emoji/charts-13.0/emoji-ordering.htmlGoogle Scholar

Unicode Consortium. (2021a). Unicode members. https://home.unicode.org/membership/members/, accessed on October 2, 2023.Google Scholar

Unicode Consortium. (2021b). Unicode Standard. http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest/Google Scholar

Unicode Consortium. (2022a). Emoji names and keywords. https://cldr.unicode.org/translation/characters/short-names-and-keywordsGoogle Scholar

Unicode Consortium. (2022b). Guidelines for Submitting Unicode® Emoji Proposals. https://www.unicode.org/emoji/proposals.htmlGoogle Scholar

Unicode Consortium. (2022c). Unicode® Technical Standard #51: Longer Term Solutions. https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/Google Scholar

Unsworth, L. (2006). Towards a metalanguage for multiliteracies education: describing the meaning-making resources of language-image interaction. English Teaching: Practice and Critique, 5(1), 55–76.Google Scholar

van Leeuwen, T. (2008). New forms of writing, new visual competencies. Visual Studies, 23(2), 130–135.Google Scholar

van Leeuwen, T. (2011). Rhythm and multimodal semiosis. In Dreyfus, S., Hood, S., & Stenglin, M. (Eds), Semiotic Margins: Meanings in Multimodalities (pp. 168–176). London: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar

Wallestad, T. J. (2013). Developing the visual language of comics: the interactive potential of Japan’s contributions. Hyōgen Bunka, 7, 3–12.Google Scholar

White, P. R. R. (2020). Attitudinal alignments in journalistic commentary and social-media argumentation: the construction of values-based group identities in the online comments of newspaper readers. In Zappavigna, M. & Dreyfus, S. (Eds), Discourses of Hope and Reconciliation: On JR Martin’s Contribution to systemic Functional Linguistics (pp. 21–49). London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Whitney, J., Jennex, M., Elkins, A., & Frost, E. (2018). Don’t want to get caught? don’t say it: the use of emojis in online human sex trafficking ads. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.Google Scholar

Wicke, P., & Bolognesi, M. (2020). Emoji-based semantic representations for abstract and concrete concepts. Cognitive Processing, 21(4), 615–635.Google Scholar

Wiese, H., & Labrenz, A. (2021). Emoji as graphic discourse markers: functional and positional associations in German WhatsApp® messages. In Van Olmen, D. & Šinkūnienė, J. (Eds), Pragmatic Markers and Clause Peripheries (pp. 277–302). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar

Wilde, L. R. A. (2019). The elephant in the room of emoji research: or, pictoriality, to what extent? In Giannoulis, Elena & Wilde, Lukas R. A. (Eds), Emoticons, Kaomoji, and Emoji (pp. 171–196). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Wolny, W. (2016). Sentiment analysis of Twitter data using emoticons and emoji ideograms. Studia Ekonomiczne, 296, 163–171.Google Scholar

Yang, X., & Liu, M. (2021). The pragmatics of text-emoji co-occurrences on Chinese social media. Pragmatics, 31(1), 144–172.Google Scholar

Yimam, S. M., Gurevych, I., de Castilho, R. E., & Biemann, C. (2013). Webanno: a flexible, web-based and visually supported system for distributed annotations. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations.Google Scholar

Yus, F. (2021). Smartphone communication. Interactions in the app ecosystem. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2011). Ambient affiliation: a linguistic perspective on Twitter. New Media & Society, 13(5), 788–806.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2012). Discourse of Twitter and Social Media: How We Use Language to Create Affiliation on the Web. London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2014a). Coffeetweets: bonding around the bean on Twitter. In Seargeant, P. & Tagg, C. (Eds), The Language of Social Media: Identity and Community on the Internet (pp. 139–160). London: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2014b). Enacting identity in microblogging through ambient affiliation. Discourse & Communication, 8(2), 209–228.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2014c). Enjoy your snags Australia … oh and the voting thing too# ausvotes# auspol: iconisation and affiliation in electoral microblogging. Global Media Journal: Australian Edition, 8(2), 1–16.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2015). Searchable talk: the linguistic functions of hashtags. Social Semiotics, 25(3), 274–291.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2017a). Evaluation. In Hoffmann, C. R. & Bublitz, W. (Eds), Pragmatics of Social Media (pp. 435–459). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter MoutonGoogle Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2017b). ‘Had enough of experts’ intersubjectivity and the quoted voice in microblogging. In Friginal, E. (Ed.), Studies in Corpus-Based Sociolinguistics (pp. 321–343). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2018). Searchable Talk: Hashtags and Social Media Metadiscourse: London: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2019a). Ambient affiliation and #brexit: negotiating values about experts through censure and ridicule. In Koller, V., Kopf, S., & Miglbauer, M. (Eds), Discourses of Brexit (pp. 48–68). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2019b). Language and social media: enacting identity through ambient affiliation. In Thompson, G., Bowcher, W., Fontaine, L., & Liang, J. Y. (Eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Systemic Function Linguistics (pp. 714–737). London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2020). ‘And then he said … no one has more respect for women than i do’: intermodal relations and intersubjectivity in image macros. In Stöckl, Hartmut, Caple, Helen & Pflaeging, Jana (Eds), Shifts toward Image-Centricity in Contemporary Multimodal Practices (pp. 204–225). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M. (2021). Ambient affiliation in comments on YouTube videos: communing around values about ASMR. 外国语, 44(1), 21–40.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M., Cleirigh, C., Dwyer, P., & Martin, J. R. (2010). The coupling of gesture and phonology. In Bednarek, M. & Martin, J. R. (Eds), New Discourse on Language: Functional Perspectives on Multimodality, Identity, and Affiliation (pp. 219–236): London: Bloomsbury.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M., Dwyer, P., & Martin, J. R. (2008). Syndromes of meaning: exploring patterned coupling in a NSW Youth Justice Conference. In Mahboob, A. & Knight, N. K. (Eds), Questioning Linguistics (pp. 165–187): Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M., & Logi, L. (2021). Emoji in social media discourse about working from home. Discourse, Context & Media, 44, 100543.Google Scholar

Zappavigna, M., & Martin, J. R. (2018). #Communing affiliation: Social tagging as a resource for aligning around values in social media. Discourse, Context & Media, 22, 4–12. doi:10.1016/j.dcm.2017.08.001Google Scholar

Zhang, Y., Wang, M., & Li, Y. (2021). More than playfulness: emojis in the comments of a WeChat official account. Internet Pragmatics, 4(2), 247–271.Google Scholar

Zhao, S. (2011). Learning through multimedia interaction: the construal of primary social science knowledge in web-based digital learning materials. (PhD Thesis). University of Sydney, Australia.Google Scholar

Zhao, S., Djonov, E., & van Leeuwen, T. (2014). Semiotic technology and practice: a multimodal social semiotic approach to PowerPoint. Text & Talk, 34(3), 349–375.Google Scholar