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6 - Metal oxides

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 August 2009

Paul Monk ,
Roger Mortimer  and
David Rosseinsky
Paul Monk
Affiliation:
Manchester Metropolitan University
Roger Mortimer
Affiliation:
Loughborough University
David Rosseinsky
Affiliation:
University of Exeter
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Summary

Introduction to metal-oxide electrochromes

Metal oxides as thin films feature widely in the literature, in large part owing to their photochemical stability (see Section 6.1.2); by contrast, most, if not all, organic electrochromes may be susceptible to photochemical degradation.

The oxides of the following transition metals are electrochromic: cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iridium, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, palladium, praseodymium, rhodium, ruthenium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten and vanadium. Most of the electrochromic colours derive from intervalence charge-transfer optical transitions, as described in Section 4.4. The intervalence coloured forms of most transition-metal oxide electrochromes are in the range blue or grey through to black; it is much less common for transition-metal oxides to form other colours by intervalence transitions (see Table 6.1).

The oxides of tungsten, molybdenum, iridium and nickel show the most intense electrochromic colour changes. Other metal oxides of lesser colourability are therefore more useful as optically passive, or nearly passive, counter electrodes; see Section 1.4 on ‘secondary electrochromism’.

At least one redox state of each of the oxides IrO2, MoO3, Nb2O5, TiO2, NiO, RhO2 and WO3 can be prepared as an essentially colourless thin film, so allowing the electrochromic transition colourless (clear) ⇄ coloured. This property finds application in on–off or light-intensity modulation roles. Other oxides in Section 6.2 demonstrate electrochromism differently by showing two colours, i.e. switching as colour 1 ⇄ colour 2, one of these colours often being much more intense than the other. Display-device applications can be envisaged for the latter group of electrochromes.

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Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices , pp. 125 - 252
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2007

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  • Metal oxides
  • Paul Monk, Manchester Metropolitan University, Roger Mortimer, Loughborough University, David Rosseinsky, University of Exeter
  • Book: Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices
  • Online publication: 10 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511550959.008
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  • Metal oxides
  • Paul Monk, Manchester Metropolitan University, Roger Mortimer, Loughborough University, David Rosseinsky, University of Exeter
  • Book: Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices
  • Online publication: 10 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511550959.008
Available formats
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Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • Metal oxides
  • Paul Monk, Manchester Metropolitan University, Roger Mortimer, Loughborough University, David Rosseinsky, University of Exeter
  • Book: Electrochromism and Electrochromic Devices
  • Online publication: 10 August 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511550959.008
Available formats
×