Chapters 4 and 4* discussed how the embeddedness of the global economy in the biosphere means that degradation or depletion of natural assets results in losses and disruption to economic activity. This has macroeconomic and financial implications for businesses and financial institutions, via, for example, reduced commodity yields, disrupted supply chains, output losses due to natural disasters such as droughts, and the loss of potential new sources of products and services, such as medicines and other pharmaceutical products (McCraine et al. 2019; OECD, 2019a; Rudgley and Seega, 2020). In addition, the existence of ecosystem tipping points and regime shifts mean that changes to the productivity of ecosystems, and the quantity and quality of the services they provide, can be both abrupt and long-lasting (Chapter 3). Both are aspects which would have significant implications for a range of economic activities and livelihoods (Johnson et al. (forthcoming); World Economic Forum, 2020a) (Chapters 5 and 14).