Ice ages and sea-level changes have occurred throughout the history of our planet, and both processes have left a clear signature in the rock record. In Chapter 8 we reviewed the history of the idea that Earth was largely frozen, including key evidence of global Neoproterozoic glaciations, referred to as the snowball Earth. In this chapter we begin with a focus on the more recent glaciations that mark the Pleistocene Epoch and the relationship between climate and sea level. We then examine the evidence for sea-level change as recorded in the organization of stratigraphic layers and changes in environments of deposition, emphasizing observations from the rock record, to show that sea levels have also varied, with remarkable periodicity, throughout Earth history and that they record the complex interaction of tectonics and climate.