Adams, R. McC., 1966. The Evolution of Urban Society: Early Mesopotamia and Prehispanic Mexico. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar

Addyman, P. V., 2015. Historic Towns Atlas: York. Oxford: Oxbow Books for the Historic Towns and York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar

Addyman, P. V. and Hill, D. H., 1968. Saxon Southampton: a review of the evidence part I: history, location, date and character of the town. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club 25, 61–93.Google Scholar

Addyman, P. V. and Hill, D. H., 1969. Saxon Southampton: a review of the evidence part II: industry, trade and everyday life. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club 26, 61–96.Google Scholar

Alcock, L., 1963. Dinas Powys. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.Google Scholar

Alcock, L., 2001. Dinas Powys. In Medieval Archaeology: An Encyclopedia, edited by Crabtree, P., pp. 80–1. New York: Garland.Google Scholar

Allan, J., Henderson, C., and Higham, R., 1984. Saxon Exeter. In Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England, edited by Haslam, J., pp. 385–411. Chichester: Phillimore.Google Scholar

Andrews, P., 1997. Excavations at Hamwic, Volume 2: Excavations at Six Dials. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report No. 109.Google Scholar

Anthony, D., 2007. The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Archer, S., 2003. The zooarchaeology of an Anglo-Saxon village: the faunal assemblage from Kilham, East Yorkshire. Unpublished MA thesis, University of York.Google Scholar

Arnold, B. and Murray, M., 2002. A landscape of ancestors in southwest Germany. Antiquity 76 (292), 321–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arnold, C., 1984. Social evolution in Post-Roman western Europe. In European Social Evolution: Archaeological Perspectives, edited by Bintliff, J., pp. 277–83. Bradford: University of Bradford.Google Scholar

Arnold, C., 1997. The Archaeology of the Early Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, 2nd edition. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Arnold, C. and Wardle, P., 1981. Early medieval settlement patterns in England. Medieval Archaeology 25, 145–9.Google Scholar

Asher, M. and Asher, R., 1997. Mathematics of the Incas: The Code of the Quipu. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications.Google Scholar

Astill, G. G., 1991. Towns and town hierarchies in Saxon England. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 10, 95–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Atkins, R. and Connor, A., 2010. Farmers and Ironsmiths: Prehistoric, Roman and Anglo-Saxon Occupation beside Brandon Road, Thetford, Norfolk. East Anglian Archaeology 134. Bar Hill: Oxford Archaeology East.Google Scholar

Ayre, J. and Wroe-Brown, R., 2015. The post-Roman foreshore and the origins of the late Anglo-Saxon waterfront and the dock of Æthelred’s Hithe: excavations at Bull Wharf, City of London. Archaeological Journal 172 (1), 121–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ayres, B., 2011. The growth of an urban landscape: recent research in early medieval Norwich. Early Medieval Europe 19 (1), 62–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banham, D., 2010. ‘In the sweat of thy brow shalt thou eat bread’: Cereals and cereal production in the Anglo-Saxon landscape. In The Landscape Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, edited by N. J. Higham and M. J. Ryan, pp. 175–92. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banham, D. and Faith, R., 2014. Anglo-Saxon Farms and Farming. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barker, P., White, R., Pretty, K., Bird, H., and Corbishley, M., 1997. The Baths Basilica Wroxeter Excavations, 1966–90. London: English Heritage Archaeological Report 8.Google Scholar

Barlow, F., Biddle, M., von Feilitzen, O., and Keene, D. J., 1976. Winchester in the Early Middle Ages: An Edition and Discussion of the Winton Domesday. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar

Barrett, J., Locker, A. M., and Roberts, C. M., 2004. ‘Dark Age Economics’ revisited: the English fish bone evidence. Antiquity 78, 618–36.Google Scholar

Barrett, J. H., Orton, D. C., Johnstone, C., Harland, J., Van Neer, W., Ervynck, A., Roberts, C. M., Locker, A. M., Amundsen, C., Enghoff, F., Hamilton-Dyer, S., Heinrich, D., Hufthammer, A. K., Jones, A. K. G., Jonsson, L., Makowiecki, D., Pope, P., O’Connell, T. C., DeRoo, T., and Richards, M., 2011. Interpreting the expansion of sea fishing in medieval Europe using stable carbon isotope analysis of archaeological cod bones. Journal of Archaeological Science 38, 1516–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartholomew, P., 1982. Fifth-century facts. Britannia 13, 261–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bartosiewicz, L., Van Neer, W., and Lentacker, A., 1997. Draught Cattle: Their Osteological Identification and History. Tervuren: Musée Royale de l’Afrique Centrale.Google Scholar

Biddle, M., 1970. Excavations at Winchester 1969. Eighth Interim Report. Antiquaries Journal 50, 277–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biddle, M., 1975. Excavations at Winchester, 1971: Tenth and Final Interim Report Part II. Antiquaries Journal 55 (2), 295–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biddle, M., 1976. Towns. In The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, edited by Wilson, D. M, pp. 99–150. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Biddle, M., 1984. London on the Strand. Popular Archaeology 6 (1), 23–7.Google Scholar

Biddle, M., 1990. The study of Winchester: archaeology and history in a British town, 1961–1983. Albert Ricket Archaeological Trust Lecture. In British Academy Papers on Anglo-Saxon England, edited by Stanley, E. G, pp. 299–341. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Biddle, M. and Hill, D., 1971. Late Saxon planned towns. Antiquaries Journal 71, 70–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biddle, M., Hudson, D. M., and Heighway, C. M., 1973. The Future of London’s Past. London: Rescue Publication No. 4.Google Scholar

Biddle, M. and Kjølbye-Biddle, B., 2007. Winchester: from Venta to Wintancæstir. In Pagans and Christians: From Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Papers in Honour of Martin Henig Presented on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday, edited by Gilmour, Lauren, pp. 189–214. Oxford: Archaeopress.Google Scholar

Binchy, D. A., 1954. Secular institutions. In Early Irish Society, edited by Miles Dillon, B., pp. 52–65. Dublin: Mercier Press.Google Scholar

Binford, L. R., 1962. Archaeology as anthropology. American Antiquity 28, 217–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Binford, S. R. and Binford, L. R., eds., 1968. New Perspectives in Archaeology. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar

Bintliff, J., 1984. Iron Age Europe in the context of social evolution from the Bronze Age through historic times. In European Social Evolution: Archaeological Perspectives, edited by Bintliff, J., pp. 157–215. Bradford: University of Bradford.Google Scholar

Birbeck, V., with Smith, R. J. C., Andrews, P., and Stoodley, N., 2005. The Origins of Mid-Saxon Southampton: Excavations at the Friends Provident St. Mary’s Stadium, 1998–2000. Salisbury: Wessex Archaeology.Google Scholar

Blackmore, L., 1999. Aspects of trade and exchange evidenced by recent work on Saxon and medieval pottery from London. Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 50, 38–54.Google Scholar

Blackmore, L., 2003. The pottery. In Middle Saxon London: Excavations at the Royal Opera House 1989–1999, edited by G. Malcolm, D. Bowsher, with R. Cowie, pp. 225–41. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service Monograph 15.Google Scholar

Blair, I., Barham, E., and Blackmore, L., 2004. My Lord Essex. British Archaeology 76, 10–17.Google Scholar

Blair, J., 2005. The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blair, J., 2011. Flixborough revisited. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 17, 101–7.Google Scholar

Blair, J., 2013. Norwich. In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, edited by Lapidge, M., Blair, J., Keynes, S., and Scragg, D., p. 341. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Blinkhorn, P., 1989. Middle Saxon pottery from the Buttermarket kiln, Ipswich, Suffolk. Medieval Ceramics 13, 12–16.Google Scholar

Blinkhorn, P., 1999. Of cabbages and kings: production, trade and consumption in Middle Saxon England. In Anglo-Saxon Trading Centres and Their Hinterlands: Beyond the Emporia, edited by Anderton, M., pp. 4–23. Glasgow: Cruithne Press.Google Scholar

Blinkhorn, P., 2012. The Ipswich Ware Project: Ceramics, Trade and Society in Middle Saxon England. London: Medieval Pottery Research Group Occasional Paper 7.Google Scholar

Boessneck, J., von den Driesch, A., Meyer-Lemppenau, U., and Weschler-von Ohlen, E., 1971. Die Tierknockenfunde aus dem Oppidum von Manching. Wiesbaden: Die Ausgrabungen von Manching 6.Google Scholar

Bohannan, P. and Dalton, G., 1962. Markets in Africa. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar

Booth, P., Simmonds, A., Boyle, A., Clough, S., Cool, H. E. M., and Poor, D., 2010. The Late Roman Cemetery at Lankhills: Excavations 2000–2005. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology.Google Scholar

Bourdieu, P., 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice, translated by R. Nice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourdillon, J., 1988. Countryside and town: the animal resources of Saxon Southampton. In Anglo-Saxon Settlements, edited by Hooke, Della, pp. 177–95. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Bourdillon, J., 1994. The animal provisioning of Saxon Southampton. In Environment and Economy in Anglo-Saxon England, edited by Rackham, J., pp. 120–5. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 89.Google Scholar

Bourdillon, J. and Coy, J. 1980. The animal bones. In Excavations at Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971–76, by Holdsworth, P., pp. 79–121. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 33.Google Scholar

Brisbane, M., 1994. Hamwic (Saxon Southampton): the origin and development of an eighth century port and production centre. Actes des congrès de la Société d’Archéologie Médiévale 4, 27–34.Google Scholar

Brogiolo, G. P. and Chavarria, A., 2015. The archaeology of the early medieval city: state of research and future perspectives. Paper presented at the Conference on the Environmental Archaeology of European Cities, Brussels, Belgium, 27–29 May, 2015.Google Scholar

Brooks, D. A., 1986. A review of the evidence for continuity in British towns between the 5th and 6th centuries. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 5, 77–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brooks, N. P., 1971. The development of military obligations in eighth- and ninth-century England. In England before the Conquest, edited by P. Clemoes and K. Hughes, pp. 69–84. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Bruce-Mitford, R., 1972. Sutton Hoo Ship Burial, Volume 1. London: British Museum.Google Scholar

Buckberry, J., 2010. Cemetery diversity in the mid to late Anglo-Saxon period in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. In Burial in Later Anglo-Saxon England: c. 650–1100 AD, edited by Buckberry, J. and Cherryson, A., pp. 1–25. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Burrow, I., 1981 . Hillfort and Hill-Top Settlement in Somerset in the First to Eighth Centuries A.D. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, British Series, 91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, E., 1996. Trade in the Dark Age West: peripheral activity? In Scotland in Dark Age Britain, edited by Crawford, B., pp. 79–91. St. Andrews: University of St. Andrews.Google Scholar

Campbell, E., 1999. Saints and Sea-Kings: The First Kingdom of the Scots. Edinburgh: Historic Scotland/Cannongate.Google Scholar

Campbell, E., 2007. Continental and Mediterranean Imports to Atlantic Britain and Ireland, AD 400–800. CBA Research Report 157. York: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar

Campbell, R., in press. Violence, Kinship and the State: The Great Settlement Shang and Its World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Carballo, D. A. and Fortenberry, B., 2015. Bridging prehistory and history in the archaeology of cities. Journal of Field Archaeology 40 (5), 542–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carlsson, D., 1992. Harbours and trading places on Gotland AD 600–1000. In Aspects of Maritime Scandinavia AD 200–1200: Proceedings of the Nordic Seminar on Maritime Aspects of Archaeology, edited by Crumlin-Pederson, I. O, pp. 145–58. Roskilde: Vikingeskipshallen.Google Scholar

Carneiro, R. L., 1970. A theory of the origin of the state. Science 169, 733–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carver, M. O. H., 2005. Sutton Hoo: A Seventh-Century Princely Burial Ground and Its Context. Report of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 69. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar

Carver, M., Hills, C., and Scheschkewitz, J., 2009. Wasperton: A Roman, British and Anglo-Saxon Community in Central England. Woodbridge: Boydell.Google Scholar

Carver, M., Sanmark, A., and Semple, S., 2010. Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Cherryson, A. K., 2010. ‘Such a resting place as is necessary for us in God’s sight and fitting in the eyes of the world’: Saxon Southampton and the development of churchyard burial. In Buckberry, J. and Cherryson, A. K, eds., Burial in Later Anglo-Saxon England, 650–1100 AD, pp. 54–72. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Childe, V. G., 1925. The Dawn of European Civilization. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar

Childe, V. G., 1935. New Light on the Most Ancient East: The Oriental Prelude to European Prehistory. London: Kegan Paul.Google Scholar

Childe, V. G., 1936. Man Makes Himself. London: Watts and Co.Google Scholar

Childe, V. G., 1942. What Happened in History. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Childe, V. G., 1950. The Urban Revolution. Town Planning Review 21, 3–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Childe, V. G., 1957. The Dawn of European Civilization, 6th edition. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar

Christie, N. and Creighton, O., 2013a. Transforming Townscapes from Burh to Borough: The Archaeology of Wallingford, AD 800–1400. London: Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 35.Google Scholar

Christie, N. and Creighton, O., 2013b. Wallingford and early medieval urbanism. In Transforming Townscapes from Burh to Borough: The Archaeology of Wallingford, AD 800–1400 by Christie, N. and Creighton, O., pp. 405–7. London: Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 35.Google Scholar

Christie, N., Creighton, O., and Edgeworth, M., 2013. Investigating the townscape and hinterland: methods and sources. In Transforming Townscapes from Burh to Borough: The Archaeology of Wallingford, AD 800–1400, by Christie, N. and Creighton, O., pp. 15–44. London: Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 35.Google Scholar

Christie, N., Edgeworth, M., and Hamerow, H., 2009. The big dig: Wallingford. British Archaeology 106 (May/June), available on line at www.archaeologyuk.org/ba/ba106/feat3.shtml.Google Scholar

Clutton-Brock, J., 1976. The animal resources. In The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England, edited by D. M. Wilson, pp. 373–92. London: Methuen.Google Scholar

Coase, R., 2005. The institutional structure of production. In Handbook of New Institutional Economics, edited by Ménard, C. and Sherley, M. M, pp. 31–9. New York: Springer.Google Scholar

Collingwood, R., and Richmond, I., 1969. The Archaeology of Roman Britain. London: Methuen.Google Scholar

Collis, J., 2004. Oppida. In Ancient Europe 8000 BC–AD 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World, Volume 2, edited by Bogucki, P. and Crabtree, P., pp. 154–7. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Google Scholar

Conkey, M. W. and Spector, J. D., 1984. Archaeology and the study of gender. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 7, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp. 1–38. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Costen, M., 2011. Anglo-Saxon Somerset. Oxford: Oxbow.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cowgill, G., 2015. Ancient Teotihuacán: Early Urbanism in Central Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cowie, R., 2001. English wics: problems with discovery and interpretation. In Wics: The Early Medieval Trading Centres of Northern Europe, edited by Hill, D. and Cowie, D., pp. 14–21. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar

Cowie, R., 2008. Descent into darkness: London in the 5th and 6th centuries. In Londinium and Beyond: Essays on Roman London and Its Hinterland for Harvey Sheldon, edited by Clark, J., Cotton, J., Hall, J., and Swain, H., pp. 49–53. York: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 156.Google Scholar

Cowie, R., 2014. Lundenburgh: the archaeology of Late Saxon London. In Hidden Histories and Records of Antiquity: Essays on Saxon and Medieval London for John Clark, Curator Emeritus, Museum of London, edited by Cotton, J., Hall, J., Keily, J., Sherris, R., and Stephenson, R., pp. 17–26. London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Special Paper 17.Google Scholar

Cowie, R. and Blackmore, L., 2008. Early and Middle Saxon Rural Settlement in the London Region. London: Museum of London Archaeological Service Monograph Series 41.Google Scholar

Cowie, R., Blackmore, L., Davis, A., Keily, J., and Rielly, K., 2012. Lundenwic: Excavations in Middle Saxon London, 1987–2000. London: Museum of London Archaeology 63.Google Scholar

Cowie, R., Whytehead, R. L., and Blackmore, L., 1988. Two Middle Saxon occupation sites: excavations at Jubilee Hall and 21–22 Maiden Lane. Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 39, 47–163.Google Scholar

Coy, J., 1980. Section 3: the animal bones. In J. Haslam, A Middle Saxon iron smelting site at Ramsbury, Wiltshire. Medieval Archaeology 24, 41–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 1990. West Stow: Early Anglo-Saxon Animal Husbandry. East Anglian Archaeology 47. Ipswich: Suffolk County Planning Department.Google Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 1996. Production and consumption in an early complex society: animal use in Middle Saxon East Anglia. World Archaeology 28, 58–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 2004. Archaeology. In Dictionary of the Middle Ages, Supplement 1, edited by Jordan, W. C, pp. 25–30. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Google Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 2007. Animals as material culture in Middle Saxon England: the zooarchaeological evidence for wool production at Brandon. In Breaking and Shaping Beastly Bodies: Animals as Material Culture in the Middle Ages, edited by A. Plushkowski, pp. 161–9. Oxford: Oxbow.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 2009. The archaeology of medieval Europe. History Compass 7 (3), 385–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 2010a. Zooarchaeology and colonialism in Roman Britain: evidence from Icklingham. In Anthropological Approaches to Zooarchaeology: Colonialism, Complexity and Animal Transformations, edited by Campana, D., Crabtree, P., DeFrance, S., Lev-Tov, J., and Choyke, A. M, pp. 190–4. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 2010b. Agricultural innovation and socio-economic change in early medieval Europe: evidence from Britain and France. World Archaeology 42, 122–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 2012. Middle Anglo-Saxon Animal Husbandry in East Anglia. East Anglian Archaeology 143. Bury St. Edmunds: Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service.Google Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 2014. 2013 Farrell Lecture – Remembering Bernard Wailes: archaeological approaches to Late Iron Age and early medieval Ireland. Eolas 7, 92–102.Google Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 2016. Zooarchaeology at medieval Ipswich: from wic to regional market town. In Objects, Environment and Everyday Life in Medieval Europe, edited by Jervis, Ben, Broderick, Lee, and Grau-Sologestoa, Idoia, pp. 19–39. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 2017. State formation in Anglo-Saxon England. In European Archaeology as Anthropology: Papers in Memory of Bernard Wailes, edited by Crabtree, P. J and Bogucki, P., pp. 245–59. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., 2018. The value of studying large faunal collections using traditional zooarchaeological methods: a case study from Anglo-Saxon England. In Zooarchaeology in Practice: Case Studies in Methodology and Interpretation in Archaeofaunal Analysis, edited by C. Giovas and M. Le Febvre, pp. 173–88. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., under review. Provisioning Ipswich. Under review for East Anglian Archaeology.Google Scholar

Crabtree, P. and Campana, D., 2014. Animal bone. In Brandon, Staunch Meadow, Suffolk: A High Status Middle Saxon Settlement on the Fen Edge, by Tester, Andrew, Anderson, Sue, Riddler, Ian, and Carr, Bob. East Anglian Archaeology 151, pp. 296–312. Bury St. Edmunds: Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service.Google Scholar

Crabtree, P. and Campana, D., 2015. Wool production, wealth, and trade in Middle Saxon England. In Animals and Inequality in the Ancient World, edited by Arbuckle, B. S and McCarty, S. A, pp. 337–53. Boulder: University of Colorado Press.Google Scholar

Crabtree, P. J., Campana, D. V., Belfer-Cohen, A., and Bar-Yosef, D., 1991. First results of the excavations at Salibiya I, Lower Jordan Valley. In The Natufian Culture in the Levant, edited by Bar-Yosef, O. and Valla, F., pp. 161–72. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory.Google Scholar

Crabtree, P. and Stevens, P. 1994. The animal bone remains from Ipswich. Unpublished animal bone report submitted to English Heritage in August, 1994.Google Scholar

Cristian Capelli, C., Redhead, N., Abernethy, J. K., Gratrix, F., Wilson, J. F., Moen, T., Hervig, T., Richards, M., Stumpf, M. P. H., Underhill, P. A., Bradshaw, P., Shaha, A., Thomas, M. G., Bradman, N., and Goldstein, D. B., 2003. A Y chromosome census of the British Isles. Current Biology 13, 979–84.Google Scholar

Crumley, C., 1974. Celtic Social Structure: The Generation of Archaeologically Testable Hypotheses from Literary Evidence. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, Anthropological Papers Number 54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cunliffe, B., ed., 1979. Excavations in Bath 1950–1975. Bristol: Committee on Rescue Archaeology in Avon, Gloucestershire and Somerset Excavation Report 1.Google Scholar

Cunliffe, B., 1984, Saxon Bath. In Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England, edited by Haslam, J., pp. 345–58. Chichester: Phillimore.Google Scholar

Cunliffe, B. and Davenport, P., 1985. The Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath, Volume 1: The Site. Oxford: Oxford University School of Archaeology.Google Scholar

Dallas, C., 1993. Excavations at Thetford by B. K. Davidson between 1964 and 1970. East Anglian Archaeology 64. Dereham: Field Archaeology Division, Norfolk Museums Service.Google Scholar

Dark, K., 2000. Britain and the End of the Roman Empire. Stroud: Tempus.Google Scholar

Dark, P., 2000. The Environment of Britain in the First Millennium AD. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar

Davis, J., 2015. Charlemagne’s Practice of Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, J., 2016. The political economy of the Carolingian Empire. Paper presented at the conference on The Global Eighth Century: A Comparative Assessment of Socio-Economic and Political Developments in the Eighth Century CE across Eurasia, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, April 14–15, 2016.Google Scholar

Demarest, R., 2005. Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Rain Forest Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dietler, M., 2010. Archaeologies of Colonialism: Consumption, Entanglement, and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dobney, K., Jaques, D., Barrett, J., and Johnstone, C., 2007. Farmers, Monks and Aristocrats: The Environmental Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon Flixborough. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Dorset Historic Towns Survey, 2011. Dorset Historic Towns Survey: Wareham, available online at www.dorsetforyou.com/article/398181/Wareham---historic-towns-survey.Google Scholar

Dougherty, C., 1985. The Monastic Town in Early Medieval Ireland. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 225.Google Scholar

Driver, J. 1984. Zooarchaeological analysis of raw material selection by a Saxon artisan. Journal of Field Archaeology 11, 397–403.Google Scholar

Durant, W., 1980. The Age of Faith. The Story of Civilization, Book 4. New York: Simon and Shuster.Google Scholar

Dyer, C., 2015. Historical and archaeological evidence for the rural hinterlands of English medieval towns. Paper presented the Conference on the Environmental Archaeology of European Cities, Brussels, Belgium, 27–29 May 2015.Google Scholar

Edwards, N., 1990. The Archaeology of Early Medieval Ireland. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar

Emery, P. A., 2007. Norwich Greyfriars: Pro-Conquest Town and Medieval Friary. East Anglian Archaeology 120. Dereham: Historic Environment, Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service.Google Scholar

Esmonde Cleary, A. S., 1989. The Ending of Roman Britain. London: Batsford.Google Scholar

Esmonde Cleary, A. S., 2011. The endings(s) of Roman Britain. In The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology, edited by Hamerow, H., Hinton, D. A, and Crawford, S., pp. 13–29. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Falconer, S., 1995. Rural responses to early urbanism: village and household economy at Tell el-Hayyat, Jordan. Journal of Field Archaeology 22 (4), 399–419.Google Scholar

Faulkner, N., 2001. The Decline and Fall of Roman Britain. Stroud: Tempus.Google Scholar

Fern, C., 2015. Before Sutton Hoo: The Prehistoric Remains and Early Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at Tranmer House, Bromeswell, Suffolk. East Anglian Archaeology 155. Bury St. Edmunds: Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service.Google Scholar

Fowler, L. and Taylor, R., 2013. At the Limits of Lundenwic: Excavations in the North-West of Middle Saxon London. London: Museum of London Archaeology, Archaeology Studies 27.Google Scholar

Frankenstein, S. and Rowlands, M., 1978. The internal structure and regional context of early Iron Age society in south-western Germany. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology, University of London 15, 73–112.Google Scholar

Frere, S. S., 1983. Verulamium Excavations II. London: Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London 41.Google Scholar

Frere, S. S., 2011. The saga of Verulamium building XXVII 2. Britannia 42, 263–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fulford, M. and Timby, J., 2000. Late Iron Age and Roman Silchester: Excavations on the Site of the Forum-Basilica 1977, 1980–86, Britannia Monograph 15. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.Google Scholar

Fulford, M., Clarke, A., and Eckhardt, H., 2006. Life and Labour in Late Roman Silchester: Excavations in Insula IX since 1997. London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.Google Scholar

Gardiner, M., Cross, R., Macpherson-Grant, N., Riddler, I., Blackmore, L., Chick, D., Hamilton-Dyer, S., Murray, E., and Weir, D., 2001. Continental trade and non-urban ports in mid-Anglo-Saxon England: excavations at Sandtun, West Hythe, Kent. Archaeological Journal 158, 161–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gardner, A., 2007. An Archaeology of Identity: Soldiers and Society in Later Roman Britain. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.Google Scholar

Gerrard, J., 2007. The temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath and the end of Roman Britain. Antiquaries Journal 87, 148–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gerrard, J., 2013. The Ruin of Roman Britain: An Archaeological Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Giddens, A., 1984. The Constitution of Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Gill, D., Goffin, R., and Carruth, J., 2015. New Museum Building, West Stow Anglo-Saxon Village WSW076, SACIC Archaeological Excavation Report No. 2015/083. Available online at http://grey-lit-suffolkarchaeology.s3.amazonaws.com/2015_083.pdf.Google Scholar

Gilmour, B., 2007. Sub-Roman or Saxon. Pagan or Christian: who was buried in the early cemetery at St. Paul-in-the-Bail, Lincoln? In Pagans and Christians: From Antiquity to the Middle Ages: Papers in Honour of Martin Henig, Presented on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, edited by Gilmour, Lauren, pp. 229–56. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 1610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, A., 1976. The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic animals. In Cunliffe, B., Excavations at Portchester Castle, Volume 2: Saxon, pp. 245–79. London: Society of Antiquaries.Google Scholar

Grant, A., 1982. The use of tooth wear as a guide to the age of domestic ungulates. In Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites, edited by Wilson, B., Grigson, C., and Payne, S., pp. 91–108. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, British Series 109.Google Scholar

Green, C. R., 2012. Britons and Anglo-Saxons: Lincolnshire AD 400–650. Studies in the History of Lincolnshire 3. Lincoln: Society for Lincolnshire History and Archaeology.Google Scholar

Hall, R., 1984. The Excavations at York: The Viking Dig. London: The Bodley Head.Google Scholar

Hall, R., 1994. Viking Age York. London: Batsford.Google Scholar

Hall, R. A., with Evans, D. T., Hunter-Mann, K., and Mainman, A. J., 2014. Anglo-Scandinavian Occupation at 16–22 Coppergate. Archaeology of York 8/5. York: Council for British Archaeology for the York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar

Halsall, G., 1999. Movers and shakers: the barbarians and the fall of Rome. Early Medieval Europe 8 (1), 131–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamerow, H., 1991. Settlement mobility and the ‘Middle Saxon shift’: rural settlements and settlement patterns in Anglo-Saxon England. Anglo-Saxon England 20, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamerow, H., 1993. Excavations at Mucking, Volume 2: The Anglo-Saxon Settlement. London: English Heritage Archaeological Report 21.Google Scholar

Hamerow, H., 2002. Early Medieval Settlements: The Archaeology of Rural Communities in Northwest Europe, 400–900. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamerow, H., 2004. The archaeology of Early Anglo-Saxon settlements: past, present and future. In Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, edited by Christie, N., pp. 301–16. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Hamerow, H., 2006. The earliest Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. In The New Cambridge Medieval History, c. 500–700, edited by Fouracre, P., pp. 263–89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hamerow, H., 2007. Agrarian production and the emporia of mid Saxon England, ca. 650–850. In Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantum, Volume 1: The Heirs of the Roman West, edited by Henning, J., pp. 219–32. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar

Hamerow, H., 2011. Anglo-Saxon timber buildings and their social context. In The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology, edited by Hamerow, H., Hinton, D., and Crawford, S., pp. 128–55. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hamerow, H., 2012. Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamerow, H. with Westlake, S., 2013. Saxons before the burh: the early Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Wallingford. In Transforming Townscapes from Burh to Borough: The Archaeology of Wallingford, AD 800–1400, by Christie, N. and Creighton, O., pp. 57–63. London: Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 35.Google Scholar

Hammon, A., 2011. Understanding the Romano-British–early medieval transition: a zooarchaeological perspective from Wroxeter (Viroconium Cornoviorum). Britannia 42, 275–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hammond, C. and O’Connor, T., 2013. Pig diet in medieval York: carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences 5, 123–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hansen, I. L. and Wickham, C., 2000. The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harbison, P., 1988. Pre-Christian Ireland: From the First Settlers to the Early Celts. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar

Hardy, A., Charles, B. M., and Williams, R. J., 2007. Death and Taxes: The Archaeology of a Middle Saxon Estate Centre at Higham Ferrers, Northhamptonshire. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Härke, H., 1998. Archaeologists and migrations: a problem of attitude? Current Anthropology 39, 19–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haslam, J., 1976. Wiltshire Towns: The Archaeological Potential. Devizes: Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society.Google Scholar

Haslam, J., 1980. A Middle Saxon iron smelting site at Ramsbury, Wiltshire. Medieval Archaeology 24, 1–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haslam, J., 1984. The towns of Wiltshire. In Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England, edited by Haslam, J., pp. 87–147. Chichester: Phillimore.Google Scholar

Haslam, J., 1987. Market and fortress in England in the reign of Offa. World Archaeology 18, 76–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haslam, J., 2005. King Alfred and the Vikings: strategies and tactics, 876–886 AD. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 13, 121–53.Google Scholar

Haslam, J., 2009. The development of Late Saxon Christchurch, Dorset, and the Burghal Hideage. Medieval Archaeology 53, 95–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haslam, J., 2010a. The development of London by King Alfred: a reassessment. Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 61, 109–44.Google Scholar

Haslam, J., 2010b. King Alfred and the development of London. London Archaeologist (Spring), 208–12.Google Scholar

Hedges, R. E. M. and Gowlett, J. A. J., 1986. Radiocarbon dating by accelerator mass spectrometry. Scientific American 254 (1), 100–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hegmon, M., 2003. Setting theoretical egos aside: issues and theory in North American archaeology. American Antiquity 68 (2), 213–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heidinga, H. A., 1994. Frankish settlement at Gennep: a Migration Period center in the Dutch Meuse area. In The Archaeology of Gudme and Lundeborg: Papers Presented at a Conference at Svendborg, October 1991, edited by Nielson, P. O, Randsborg, K., and Thrane, H., pp. 202–8. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag Universitetsforlaget i Kobenhaven.Google Scholar

Heidinga, H. A., 2001. Gennep. In Medieval Archaeology: An Encyclopedia, edited by Crabtree, P., pp. 132–4. New York: Garland.Google Scholar

Heighway, C. M., ed., 1972. The Erosion of History: Archaeology and Planning in Towns: A Study of Historic Towns Affected by Modern Development in England, Wales and Scotland. London: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar

Helmuth Andersen, H., Madsen, H. J., and Voss, O., 1976. Danevirke. Copenhagen: Jysk Arkælogisk Selskab.Google Scholar

Henig, M., 2011. The fate of Late Roman towns. In The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology, edited by Hamerow, H., Hinton, D. A, and Crawford, S., pp. 515–33. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Hennig, J., 2007. Early European towns: the development of the economy in the Frankish realm between dynamism and deceleration AD 500–1100. In Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium, Volume 1: The Heirs of the West, edited by Hennig, J., pp. 3–40. Berlin: deGruyter.Google Scholar

Higbee, L., 2009. Mammal and bird bone. In The Anglo-Saxon Settlement at Bloodmoor Hill Carlton Colville, Suffolk, by Lucy, S., Tipper, J., and Dickens, A., pp. 279–304. East Anglian Archaeology 131. Cambridge: Cambridge Archaeological Unit.Google Scholar

Higgs, E. S., ed., 1972. Papers in Economic Prehistory. Studies by members and associates of the British Academy Major Research Project in the early history of agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Higgs, E. S., ed., 1975. Paleoeconomy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Higham, N., 1994. The English Conquest: Gildas and Britain in the Fifth Century. Manchester: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Higham, N., 2004. From sub-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Debating the Insular Dark Ages. History Compass 2, 1–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Higham, N. and Ryan, M., 2013. The Anglo-Saxon World. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Hill, D., 2001. Fordwich, Kent. In Wics: The Early Medieval Trading Centres of Northern Europe, edited by Hill, D. and Cowie, D., p. 98. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar

Hill, D., Bailey, M., Gardiner, M., Griffiths, D. W., Holman, D., Parfitt, K., Perkins, D., and Riddler, I., 2001. Gazetteer of possible Anglo-Saxon wics. In Wics: The Early Medieval Trading Centres of Northern Europe, edited by Hill, D. and Cowie, D., pp. 95–103. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar

Hill, D. and Worthington, M., 2003. Offa’s Dyke: History and Guide. Stroud: Tempus Publishing.Google Scholar

Hills, C. M., 2003. Origins of the English. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar

Hills, C. M. and O’Connell, T. C., 2009. New light on the Anglo-Saxon succession: two cemeteries and their dates. Antiquity 83 (233), 1096–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hinton, D., Crawford, S., and Hamerow, H., 2011. The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hirst, D. and Clark, D., 2009. Excavations at Mucking, Volume 3: The Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries. London: Museum of London Archaeology.Google Scholar

Hirst, S., 2004. The Prittlewell Prince: The Discovery of a Rich Anglo-Saxon Burial in Essex. London: Museum of London Archaeology.Google Scholar

Hodder, I., 1986. Reading the Past: Current Approaches to Interpretation in Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Hodges, R. 1980. The pottery. In Excavations at Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971–76, by Holdsworth, P., pp. 40–58. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 33.Google Scholar

Hodges, R. 1982. Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600–1000. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar

Hodges, R. 1989. Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade AD 600–1000, 2nd edition. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar

Hodges, R. 2012. Dark Age Economics: A New Audit. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar

Hodges, R. and Whitehouse, D., 1983. Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Hoggett, R., 2010. The Archaeology of East Anglian Conversion. Rochester, NY: Boydell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holdsworth, P. E., 1980. Excavations at Melbourne Street, Southampton, 1971–76. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 33.Google Scholar

Holman, D., 2001. Sandwich, Kent. In Wics: The Early Medieval Trading Centres of Northern Europe, edited by Hill, D. and Cowie, D., pp. 101–2. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar

Holmes, M., 2013. Entrepreneurs and traditional farmers: the effects of an emerging market in Middle Saxon England. In Barely Surviving or More than Enough? The Environmental Archaeology of Subsistence, Specialization and Surplus Food Production, edited by Groot, M., Lentjes, D., and Zeiler, J., pp. 247–78. Leiden: Sidestone Press.Google Scholar

Holmes, M., 2014. Animals in Saxon and Scandinavian England: Backbones of Economy and Society. Leiden: Sidestone Press.Google Scholar

Holt, H., 2009. The urban transformation in England. Anglo-Norman Studies 32, 57–78.Google Scholar

Holt, J. Z., 2009. Rethinking the Ramey State: was Cahokia the center of a theater state? American Antiquity 74 (2), 231–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hope-Taylor, B., 1977. Yeavering: An Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria. DoE Archaeological Report 7. London: HMSO.Google Scholar

Hunter, M., 1974. Germanic and Roman antiquity and the sense of the past in Anglo-Saxon England. Anglo-Saxon England 3, 29–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hunter-Mann, K., 2000. Lowthorpe Beck, Kilham, East Yorkshire: Report on the Training Excavation, 2000. York: York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar

Hunter-Mann, K., 2001. Lowthorpe Beck, Kilham, East Yorkshire: Report on the Training Excavation (Second Season), 2001. York: York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar

Hurst, J. J. and West, S. E., 1957. Saxo-Norman pottery in East Anglia. Part II: Thetford Ware with an account of Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware. Proceedings of the Cambridge Antiquarian Society 50, 29–60.Google Scholar

Jervis, B., 2009. Pottery from Late Saxon Chichester: a reassessment of the evidence. Sussex Archaeological Collections 147, 61–76.Google Scholar

Jones, A., 1990. Archaeological reconstruction and education at the Yorvik Viking Centre and Archaeological Research Centre, UK. In Constructed Past: Archaeology, Education and the Public, edited by Planet, P. and Stone, P. G, pp. 258–68. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Jones, Michael E., 1998. The End of Roman Britain. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Jones, M. J., 1994. St. Paul in the Bail, Lincoln: Britain in Europe? In Churches Built in Ancient Times: Recent Studies in Early Christian Archaeology, edited by Painter, K. S, pp. 325–47. London: Society of Antiquaries.Google Scholar

Jones, S. R. H., 1993. Transaction costs, institutional change, and the emergence of a market economy in later Anglo-Saxon England. The Economic History Review, New Series 46 (4), 658–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kemp, B., 1996. Anglian Settlement at 46–52 Fishergate. The Archaeology of York 7/1. London: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar

Kemp, R. L., 1991. The archaeology of 46–54 Fishergate. In Bones from 46–54 Fishergate, by T. P. O’Connor, pp. 211–20. The Archaeology of York 15/4. London: Council for British Archaeology.Google Scholar

Kent Historic Towns Survey, 2004a. Fordwich: Archaeological Assessment Document. Maidstone: English Heritage and Kent County Council.Google Scholar

Kent Historic Towns Survey, 2004b. Sandwich: Archaeological Assessment Document. Maidstone: English Heritage and Kent County Council.Google Scholar

Kharkov, C., ed., 1999. The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England: Basic Readings. New York: Garland.Google Scholar

Kirch, P., 1989. The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kirch, P., 2010. How Chiefs Became Kings: Divine Kingship and the Rise of Archaic States in Ancient Hawaiʽi. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kirch, P., 2012. A Shark Going Inland Is My Chief. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lambert, T., n.d. A brief history of Winchester, Hampshire. Available online at www.localhistories.org/winchester.html.Google Scholar

Lane, A., 2014. Wroxeter and the end of Roman Britain. Antiquity 88 (340), 501–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leahy, K. and Bland, R., 2009. The Staffordshire Hoard. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar

Lederman, R., 1986. What Gifts Engender: Social Relations and Politics in Mendi, Highland Papua New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, R. B., 1968. What hunters do for a living, or, how to make out on scarce resources. In Man the Hunter, edited by DeVore, I. and Lee, R. B, pp. 30–48. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar

Lee, R. B., 1979. The!Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Leeds, E. T., 1923. A Saxon village at Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire. Archaeologia 73, 147–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeds, E. T., 1926–7. A Saxon village at Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire: second report. Archaeologia 76, 59–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leeds, E. T., 1947. A Saxon village at Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire: third report. Archaeologia 112, 79–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leslie, S., Winney, B., Hellenthal, G., Davison, D., Boumertit, A., Day, T., Hutnik, K., Royrvik, E., Cunliffe, B., Welcome Trust Case Control Consortium, International Multiple Sclerosis Consortium, Lawson, D. J., Falush, D., Freeman, C., Pirinen, M., Myers, S., Robinson, M., Donnelly, P., and Bodmer, W., 2015. The fine-scale genetic structure of the British population. Nature 519, 309–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lesure, R. G., 2004. Shared art styles and long-distance contact in early Mesoamerica. In Mesoamerican Archaeology, edited by Hendon, Julia A. and Joyce, Rosemary A., pp. 73–96. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Loveluck, C., 2007. Rural Settlement, Lifestyles and Social Change in the Later First Millennium AD: Anglo-Saxon Flixborough in Its Wider Context. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Loveluck, C. and Tys, D., 2006. Coastal societies, exchange and identity along the Channel and southern North Sea shores of Europe, AD 600–1000. Journal of Maritime Archaeology 1, 140–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Loveluck, C. and Atkinson, D., 2007. The Early Medieval Settlement Remains from Flixborough, Lincolnshire: The Occupation Sequence, c. AD 600–1000. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Lucy, S., 2000. The Anglo-Saxon Way of Death: Burial Rites in Early England. Stroud: Sutton.Google Scholar

Lucy, S., Tipper, J., and Dickens, A., 2009. The Anglo-Saxon Settlement at Bloodmoor Hill Carlton Colville, Suffolk. East Anglian Archaeology 131. Cambridge: Cambridge Archaeological Unit.Google Scholar

Macphail, R. I., 1998. A reply to Carter and Davidson’s “An evaluation of the contribution of soil micromorphology to the study of ancient arable agriculture.” Geoarchaeology 13, 549–64.3.0.CO;2-Z>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Macphail, R. I., 2015. Modelling European ancient settlements – their composition and morphology: the state of the science employing contributions from soil micromorphology and associated geoarchaeological techniques. Paper presented the Conference on the Environmental Archaeology of European Cities, Brussels, Belgium, 27–29 May 2015.Google Scholar

Macphail, R. I., Galinié, H., and Verhaeghe, F., 2003. A future for dark earth? Antiquity 77(296), 349–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maddicott, J. R., 2005. London and Droitwich, c. 650–750: trade, industry and the rise of Mercia. Anglo-Saxon England 34, 7–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mainman, A. J., 1990. Anglo-Scandinavian Pottery from Coppergate. The Archaeology of York 16/5. London: Society of Antiquaries for the York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar

Mainman, A. J., 1993. Pottery from 46–54 Fishergate. The Archaeology of York 16/6. York: Society of Antiquaries for the York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar

Malcolm, G. and Bowsher, D., with Cowie, R., 2003. Middle Saxon London: Excavations at the Royal Opera House 1989–99. London: Museum of London Archaeology Service Monograph 15.Google Scholar

Malin-Boyce, S., 2004. Manching. In Ancient Europe 8000 BC–AD 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World, edited by Bogucki, P. and Crabtree, P., pp. 158–9. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Google Scholar

Maltby, M., 1979. Faunal Studies on Urban Sites: The Animal Bones from Exeter 1971–1975. Exeter Archaeological Reports, Volume 2. Sheffield: Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of Sheffield.Google Scholar

Maltby, M., 2010. Feeding a Roman Town: Environmental Evidence from Excavations in Winchester, 1972–1985. Winchester: Winchester Museums.Google Scholar

Manco, J., 1998. Saxon Bath: the legacy of Rome and the Saxon rebirth. Bath History 7, 27–55.Google Scholar

Marsden, P. and West, B., 1992. Population change in Roman London. Britannia 23, 133–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marshall, A. and Marshall, G., 1991. A survey and analysis of the buildings of Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon England. Medieval Archaeology 35, 29–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marshall, A. and Marshall, G., 1993. Differentiation, change and continuity in Anglo-Saxon buildings. Archaeological Journal 150, 366–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCormick, M., 2002. Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce AD 300–900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCormick, M., 2010. A small town experiences the fall of the Roman Empire: (2) Thinking about Tarquimpol’s new answers to an old question. Paper presented at the 75th meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, St. Louis, MO, April 14–18.Google Scholar

McIntosh, R. J., 2005. Ancient Middle Niger: Urbanism and the Self-Organizing Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

McIntosh, S. K., 1999. Modeling political organization in large-scale settlement clusters: a case study from the inland Niger Delta. In Beyond Chiefdoms: Pathways to Complexity in Africa, edited by McIntosh, S. K, pp. 66–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Millett, J. with James, S., 1983. Excavations at Cowdery’s Down, Basingstoke, Hampshire, 1978–81. Archaeological Journal 140, 151–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milne, G., 1985. The Port of Roman London. London: Batsford.Google Scholar

Milne, G. and Goodburn, D., 1990. The early medieval port of London AD 700–1200. Antiquity 64, 629–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Minter, F., Plouviez, J., and Scull, C., 2014. Where kings lived: Rendlesham rediscovered. British Archaeology 137, 50–5.Google Scholar

Monroe, J. C., 2011. Urbanism on West Africa’s slave coast. American Scientist 99, 400–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Monson, A. and Scheidel, W., 2015. Studying fiscal regimes. In Fiscal Regimes and the Political Economy of Premodern States, edited by Monson, A. and Scheidel, W., pp. 3–27. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moreland, J., 2000a. Concepts of early medieval economy. In The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand, edited by Hansen, I. L and Wickham, C., pp. 1–34. Brill: Leiden.Google Scholar

Moreland, J., 2000b. The significance of production in eighth-century England. In The Long Eighth Century: Production, Distribution and Demand, edited by Hansen, I. L and Wickham, C., pp. 69–104. Brill: Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moreland, J., 2001. Emporia. In Medieval Archaeology: An Encyclopedia, edited by Crabtree, P. J, pp. 92–7. New York: Garland.Google Scholar

Morton, A. D., ed., 1992. Excavations at Hamwic, Volume 1: Excavations 1946–83, Excluding Six Dials and Melbourne Street. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report No. 84.Google Scholar

Munby, J., 1984. Saxon Chichester and its predecessors. In Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England, edited by Haslam, J., pp. 315–33. Chichester: Phillimore.Google Scholar

Murphy, P. 1994. The Anglo-Saxon landscape and rural economy: some results from sites in East Anglia and Essex. In Environment and Economy in Anglo-Saxon England, edited by Rackham, J., pp. 23–39. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 89.Google Scholar

Naismith, R., 2012. Money and Power in Anglo-Saxon England: The Southern English Kingdoms 757–865. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Naismith, R., 2013. Coinage in pre-Viking East Anglia. In East Anglia and Its North Sea World in the Middle Ages, edited by Bates, D. and Liddiard, R., pp. 137–51. Woodbridge: Boydell.Google Scholar

Neal, D. S., 2003. Building 2, Insula XXVII from Verulamium: a reinterpretation of the evidence. In The Archaeology of Roman Towns: Studies in Honour of John S. Wacher, edited by Wilson, P., pp. 195–202. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Nicholls, M., 2013. Radiocarbon dating. In At the Limits of Lundenwic: Excavations in the North-West of Middle Saxon London at St Martin’s Courtyard, 2006–9, by Fowler, L. and Taylor, R., p. 97. London: Museum of London Archaeology, Archaeological Studies 27.Google Scholar

North, D. C., 1993. Nobel Prize Lecture by Douglas C. North, December 9, 1993.Google Scholar

North, D. C., 2005. Institutions and the performance of economies over time. In Handbook of New Institutional Economics, edited by Ménard, C. and Sherley, M. M, pp. 21–30. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O’Connor, T. P., 1989. Bones from the Anglo-Scandinavian Levels at 16–22 Coppergate. The Archaeology of York 15/3. York: Council for British Archaeology for the York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar

O’Connor, T. P., 1991. Bones from 46–54 Fishergate. The Archaeology of York 15/4. York: Council for British Archaeology for the York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar

O’Connor, T. P., 2001. On the interpretation of animal bone assemblages from wics. In Wics: The Early Medieval Trading Centres of Northern Europe, edited by Hill, D. and Cowie, D., pp. 54–60. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar

O’Connor, T. P., 2010. Livestock and deadstock in early medieval Europe from the North Sea to the Baltic. Environmental Archaeology 15, 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

O’Leary, T. J., 1981. Excavations at Upper Borough Walls, Bath, 1980. Medieval Archaeology 25, 1–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oosthuizen, S., 2011. Archaeology, common rights and the origins of Anglo-Saxon identity. Early Medieval Europe 19 (2), 153–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oosthuizen, S., 2013. Tradition and Transformation in Anglo-Saxon England: Archaeology, Common Rights and Landscape. London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar

Oosthuizen, S., 2016. Recognizing and moving on from a failed paradigm: the case of agricultural landscapes in Anglo-Saxon England, c. AD 400–800. Journal of Archaeological Research 24 (2), 179–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Oosthuizen, S., 2017. The Anglo-Saxon Fenland. Oxford: Windgather.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Orton, D. C., Morris, J., Locker, A., and Barrett, J. H., 2014. Fish for the city: meta-analysis of archaeological cod remains and the growth of London’s northern trade. Antiquity 88, 516–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ottaway, P., 1996. Archaeology in British Towns from the Emperor Claudius to the Black Death. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Ottaway, P., 1999. York: the study of a Late Roman colonia. In The Coloniae of Roman Britain: New Studies and a Review: Papers of the Conference Held at Gloucester on 5–6 July, 1997, edited by H. Hurst, pp. 136–50. Portsmouth, RI: Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 36.Google Scholar

Palliser, D. M., 2014. Medieval York 600–1540. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pattison, J. E., 2008. Is it necessary to assume an apartheid-like social structure in Early Anglo-Saxon England? Proceedings of Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275, 2423–9.Google ScholarPubMed

Payne, S., 1973. Kill-off patterns in sheep and goats: the mandibles from Aşvan Kale. Anatolian Studies 23, 281–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Perkins, D., Jr., 1964. Prehistoric fauna from Shanidar, Iraq. Science 144, 1565–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pestell, T., 2011. Markets, emporia, wics, and ‘productive’ sites: pre-Viking trade centres in Anglo-Saxon England. In the Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon England, edited by H. Hamerow, D. A. Hinton, and S. Crawford, pp. 556–79. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pestell, T. and Ulmschneider, K., 2003. Markets in Early Medieval Europe: Trading and “Productive” Sites, 650–850. Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press.Google Scholar

Pitts, M., 2010. Re-thinking the southern British oppida: networks, kingdoms, and material culture. European Journal of Archaeology 13 (1), 32–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pirenne, H., 1925 (1969). Medieval Cities: Their Origins and the Revival of Trade. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Pirenne, H., 1937 (1939). Mohammed and Charlemagne, translated from the French by Bernard Miall. New York: Barnes and Noble.Google Scholar

Plouviez, J., 1985. The late Romano-British pottery. In West Stow: The Anglo-Saxon Village, Volume 1, by S. E. West, pp. 82–5. East Anglian Archaeology 24. Ipswich: Suffolk County Planning Department.Google Scholar

Plouviez, J., 2014. The Rendlesham Survey: investigating a royal Anglo-Saxon landscape. Paper presented at the Castle Museum, Ipswich, December 6, 2014.Google Scholar

Polanyi, K., 1957. The economy as instituted process. In Trade and Market in Early Empires, edited by Polanyi, K., Arensburg, C. M, and Pearson, H. W, pp. 243–69. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.Google Scholar

Pollock, S., 1999. Ancient Mesopotamia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Powlesland, D., ed., 1998. The West Heslerton Assessment. Internet Archaeology 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.5.4.Google Scholar

Powlesland, D., 1999. The Anglo-Saxon settlement at West Heslerton, North Yorkshire. In Northumbria’s Golden Age, edited by Hawkes, J. and Mills, S., pp. 55–65. Stroud: Sutton.Google Scholar

Powlesland, D., 2000. West Heslerton settlement mobility: a case study in static development. In Early Diera: Archaeological Studies of the East Riding in the Fourth to Ninth Centuries AD, edited by Geake, H. and Kenny, J., pp. 19–26. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Powlesland, D., Haughton, C. A., and Hanson, J. H., 1986. Excavations at Heslerton, North Yorkshire, 1978–1982. Archaeological Journal 143, 53–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Prummel, W., 1983. Excavations at Dorestad 2: Early Medieval Dorestad, an Archaeozoological Study. Amersfoort: ROB.Google Scholar

Qualmann, K. E., Rees, H., and Scobie, G. D., 2010. Introduction to Roman Winchester. In Feeding a Roman Town: Environmental Evidence from Excavations in Winchester, 1972–1985, by Maltby, M., pp. 4–9. Winchester: Winchester Museums.Google Scholar

Rackham, J., 2003. Animal bones. In An Early to Middle Saxon settlement at Quarrington, Lincolnshire (ed. G. Taylor). Antiquaries Journal 83, 258–73.Google Scholar

Rahtz, P., 1962–3. The Saxon and medieval palaces at Cheddar, Somerset: an interim report of the excavations in 1960–62. Medieval Archaeology 6–7, 53–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rahtz, P., Anderson, F. W., and Hirst, S. M., 1979. The Saxon and Medieval Palaces at Cheddar: Excavations 1960–62. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, British Series 65.Google Scholar

Rahtz, P., Woodward, A., Burrow, I., Everton, A., Watts, L., Leach, P., Hirst, S., Fowler, P., and Gardner, K., 1992. Cadbury Congresbury 1968–73. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, British Series 223.Google Scholar

Randsborg, K., 1980. The Viking Age in Denmark: The Formation of a State. London: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar

Redman, C. L., 1978. The Rise of Civilization: From Early Farmers to Urban Society in the Ancient Near East. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Company.Google Scholar

Reece, R., 1995. Site-finds in Roman Britain. Britannia 26, 179–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Renfrew, C., 1973. Before Civilization: The Radiocarbon Revolution and Prehistoric Europe. London: Cape.Google Scholar

Renfrew, C., 1987. Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Reynolds, A., 2005. On farmers, traders and kings: archaeological reflections of social complexity in early medieval north western Europe. Early Medieval Europe 13, 97–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reynolds, A., 2009. The landscape archaeology of secular power in 8th–11th century England. Territorio, Sociedad y Poder 2, 67–88.Google Scholar

Reynolds, S., 1977. An Introduction to the History of English Medieval Towns. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar

Richards, J. D., Naylor, J., and Holas-Clark, C., 2009. Anglo-Saxon landscape and economy: using portable antiquities to study Anglo-Saxon and Viking Age England. Internet Archaeology 25, http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue25/richards_index.html.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riddler, I., 2001. The spatial organization of bone working at Hamwic. In Wics: The Early Medieval Trading Centres of Northern Europe, edited by Hill, D. and Cowie, D., pp. 61–6. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar

Riddler, I., in preparation. Ipswich, Bone and Antler. East Anglian Archaeology.Google Scholar

Rizzetto, M., Crabtree, P., and Albarella, U., 2017. Livestock changes at the beginning and end of the Roman period in Britain: issues of acculturation, adaptation and ‘improvement’. European Journal of Archaeology 20 (3), 535–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rogers, A., 2011. Late Roman Towns in Britain: Rethinking Change and Decline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rogers, N. S. H., 1993. Anglian and Other Finds from 46–54 Fishergate. The Archaeology of York 17/9. York: Society of Antiquaries for the York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar

Rogers, P. W., 1997. Textile Production at 16–33 Coppergate. The Archaeology of York 17. York: Society of Antiquaries for the York Archaeological Trust.Google Scholar

Rogerson, A. and Dallas, C., 1984. Excavations at Thetford 1948–59 and 1973–80. East Anglian Archaeology 22. Dereham: Norfolk Archaeological Unit, Norfolk Museums Service.Google Scholar

Rollason, P., 2003. Northumbria, 500–1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Royal Commission on Historic Monuments, 1959. Wareham West Walls. Medieval Archaeology 3, 120–38.Google Scholar

Rumble, A., 2001. Notes on the linguistic and onomastic characteristics of Old English wic. In Wics: The Early Medieval Trading Centres of Northern Europe, edited by D. Hill and R. Cowey, pp. 1–2. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.Google Scholar

Russel, A., 1984. Early Anglo-Saxon ceramics from East Anglia: a microprovenience study. PhD thesis, University of Southampton.Google Scholar

Russo, D. G., 1998. Town Origins and Development in Early England, c. 400–950 AD. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Sahlins, M., 1992. Anahulu: The Anthropology of History in the Kingdom of Hawaii, Volume 1: Historical Ethnography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Sawyer, P. H., 1998. From Roman Britain to Norman England, 2nd edition. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Scheidel, W., 2001. Roman age structure: evidence and models. Journal of Roman Studies 91, 1–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scull, C., 1991. Post-Roman Phase I at Yeavering: a reconsideration. Medieval Archaeology 35, 51–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scull, C., 1993. Archaeology, early Anglo-Saxon society and the origins of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 6, 65–82.Google Scholar

Scull, C., 1997. Urban centres in pre-Viking England? In The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration Period to the Eighth Century: An Ethnographic Perspective, edited by Hines, J., pp. 269–310. Woodbridge: Boydell.Google Scholar

Scull, C., 2009. Early Medieval (Late 5th–Early 8th Centuries AD) Cemeteries at Boss Hall and Buttermarket, Ipswich, Suffolk. Leeds: Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 27.Google Scholar

Scull, C., 2013. Ipswich: contexts of funerary evidence from an urban precursor of the seventh century AD. In East Anglia and Its North Sea World in the Middle Ages, edited by Bates, D. and Liddiard, R., pp. 218–29. Woodbridge: Boydell.Google Scholar

Scull, C., Minter, F., and Plouviez, J., 2016. Social and economic complexity in early medieval England: a central place complex of the East Anglian kingdom at Rendlesham, Suffolk. Antiquity 90 (354), 1594–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scull, C. and Wade, K., 2009. Buttermarket and the development of Ipswich. In Early Medieval (Late 5th–Early 8th Centuries AD) Cemeteries at Boss Hall and Buttermarket, Ipswich, Suffolk, by Scull, C., pp. 313–19. Leeds: Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 27.Google Scholar

Sear, D., Murdock, A., LeBas, T., Baggeley, P., and Gubbins, G., 2013. Dunwich, Suffolk: mapping and assessing the inundated medieval town. Dunwich Project Final Report, available at www.dunwich.org.uk/resources/documents/dunwich_12_report.pdf.Google Scholar

Seetah, K., 2006. A multidisciplinary approach to Romano-British cattle butchery. In Integrating Zooarchaeology, edited by Maltby, M., pp. 109–16. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Seetah, K., 2007. Butchery as an analytical tool: a comparative study of the Romano-British and medieval periods. Unpublished PhD thesis, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar

Semple, S., 2008. Politics and princes. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 27 (4), 407–29.Google Scholar

Service, E. R., 1975. Origins of the State and Civilization: The Process of Cultural Evolution. New York: W. W. Norton and Co.Google Scholar

Sherley-Price, L., tr., 1968. Bede’s History of the English Church and People. Baltimore, MD: Penguin.Google Scholar

Silver, I. A., 1969. The ageing of the domestic mammals. In Science in Archaeology, edited by D. Brothwell and E. S. Higgs, pp. 283–302. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar

Soderberg, J., 2001. Feeding communities: monasteries and urban development in early medieval Ireland. In Shaping Community: The Art and Archaeology of Monasticism, edited by McNally, S., pp. 67–73. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, International Series 941.Google Scholar

Spall, C. A. and Toop, N. J., 2008. Before Eorforwic: new light on York in the 6th–7th centuries. Medieval Archaeology 52, 1–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Speed, G., 2014. Towns in the Dark: Urban Transformations from Late Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Archaeopress.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stein, G., ed., 2005. The Archaeology of Colonial Encounters: Comparative Perspectives. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.Google Scholar

Stenton, F. M., 1971. Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Stoodley, N., 2002. The origins of Hamwic and its central role in the seventh century as revealed by recent archaeological discoveries. In Central Places in the Migration and Merovingian Periods, edited by Hårdh, B. and Larsen, L., pp. 317–31. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell International.Google Scholar

Stoodley, N., 2011. Burial practice in seventh-century Hampshire: St. Mary’s Stadium in context. In Burial in Later Anglo-Saxon England, 650–1100 AD, edited by Buckberry, J. and Cherryson, A. K, pp. 38–53. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar

Storey, G. R., 1997. The population of ancient Rome. Antiquity 71, 966–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stuckert, C., ed., 2016. The People of Early Winchester. Winchester: Winchester Excavation Committee.Google Scholar

Sykes, N., 2010. Deer, land, knives and halls: social change in early medieval England. Antiquaries Journal 90, 175–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tester, A., Anderson, S., Riddler, I., and Carr, R., 2014. Staunch Meadow, Brandon, Suffolk: A High Status Middle Saxon Settlement on the Fen Edge. East Anglian Archaeology 151. Bury St. Edmunds: Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service..Google Scholar

Thomas, C., 1988. Tintagel Castle. Antiquity 62, 421–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thomas, G., 2013. Life before the minster: the social dynamics of monastic foundation at Anglo-Saxon Lyminge, Kent. Antiquaries Journal 93, 109–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thomas, G., McDonnell, G., Merkel, J., and Marshall, P., 2016. Technology, ritual and Anglo-Saxon agrarian production: the biography of a seventh-century century plough coulter from Lyminge, Kent. Antiquity 90 (351), 742–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thomas, M. G., Stumpf, M. P. H., and Härke, H., 2006. Evidence for an apartheid-like social structure in early Anglo-Saxon England. Proceedings of Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 273, 2651–7.Google ScholarPubMed

Thornton, C. P., Cable, C. M., and Possehl, G. L., eds., 2016. The Bronze Age Towers at Bat, Sultanate of Oman: Research by the Bat Archaeological Project 2007–12. Philadelphia: University Museum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Thurston, T. L., 2001. Landscapes of Power, Landscapes of Conflict: State Formation in the South Scandinavian Iron Age. New York: Springer Scientific.Google Scholar

Tipper, J., 2000. Grubenhäuser: pitfills and pitfalls. PhD thesis, Cambridge University.Google Scholar

Tipper, J., 2004. The Grubenhaus in Anglo-Saxon England: An Analysis and Interpretation of the Evidence from a Most Distinctive Building Type. Yeddingham: Landscape Research Centre Archaeological Monograph 2.1.Google Scholar

Todd, M., 1999. Roman Britain, 3rd edition. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Townend, P., Willmott, H., Daubney, A., and Vickers, G., 2016. The mystery in the marsh: exploring the Anglo-Saxon island at Little Carleton. Current Archaeology 313, available online at www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/features/the-mystery-in-the-marsh-exploring-an-anglo-saxon-island-at-little-carlton.htm.Google Scholar

Tringham, R., 1991. Households with faces: the challenge of gender in prehistoric architectural remains. In Engendering Archaeology: Women and Prehistory, edited by Gero, J. M and Conkey, M. W, pp. 93–131. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Tweddle, D., Moulden, J., and Logan, E., 1999. Anglian York: A Survey of the Evidence. York: Archaeology of York 7/2, pp. 115–313.Google Scholar

Ulmschneider, K., 2000. Settlement, economy and the ‘productive’ site: Middle Anglo-Saxon Lincolnshire, AD 650–780. Medieval Archaeology 54, 53–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ulmschneider, K. and Pestell, T., eds., 2003. Markets in Early Medieval Europe: Trading and “Productive” Sites. Macclesfield, UK: Windgather Press.Google Scholar

Valante, M. A., 1998. Reassessing the Irish monastic town. Irish Historical Studies 31 (121), 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Van Es, W. and Verwers, W. J. H., 1980a. Excavations at Dorestad 1, the Harbour: Hoogstraat. Amersfoort: ROB/RCE.Google Scholar

Van Es, W. and Verwers, W. J. H., 1980b. Excavations at Dorestad 3: Hoogstraat 0, II–IV. Amersfoort: ROB/RCE.Google Scholar

Vince, A., 1984. The Aldwych: Mid-Saxon London discovered. Current Archaeology 8 (4), 310–12.Google Scholar

Vince, A., 1990. Saxon London: An Archaeological Investigation. London: Seaby.Google Scholar

Von den Driesch, A., 1976. A Guide to the Measurement of Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites. Peabody Museum Bulletin 1. Harvard University.Google Scholar

Von den Driesch, A., and Boessneck, J., 1974. Kritische Anmerkungen zur Widerristhöhenberechnung aus Längenmassen vor- und frühgeschichtlicher Tierknocken. Säugetierkunliche Mitteilungen 22, 325–48.Google Scholar

Wacher, J., ed., 1966. Civitas Capitals of Roman Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press.Google Scholar

Wacher, J., 1995. The Towns of Roman Britain. London: Batsford.Google Scholar

Wade, K., 1980. A settlement at Bonhunt farm, Wicken Bonhunt, Essex. In Archaeology in Essex to AD 1500, edited by Buckley, D. G, pp. 96–102. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 34.Google Scholar

Wade, K., 1988. Ipswich. In The Rebirth of Towns in the West, AD 700–1050, edited by Hodges, R. and Hobley, B., pp. 93–100. London: Council for British Archaeology Research Report 68.Google Scholar

Wade, K., 1993. The urbanisation of East Anglia: the Ipswich perspective. In Flatlands and Wetlands: Current Themes in East Anglian Archaeology, edited by Gardiner, J., pp. 141–51. East Anglian Archaeology 50. Norwich: Scole Archaeological Committee.Google Scholar

Wade, K., 2000. Ipswich. In Medieval Archaeology: An Encyclopedia, edited by Crabtree, P., pp. 173–5. New York: Garland.Google Scholar

Wade, K., 2012. The chronological framework [for Ipswich]. Available from the Archaeological Data Service at http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-1644-1/dissemination/pdf/Metadata/The_Chronological_Framework_by_Keith_Wade.pdfGoogle Scholar

Wade, K., n.d. A history of archaeology in Ipswich and its Anglo-Saxon origins. Available online at http://ipswichat.org.uk/AboutUS/History.aspk.Google Scholar

Wailes, B., 1964. Some imported pottery in western Britain, AD 400–800: its connection with Frankish and Visigothic Gaul. Unpublished PhD thesis, Cambridge University.Google Scholar

Wallace, P., 2004. Viking Dublin. In Ancient Europe 8000 BC–1000 AD: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World, edited by Bogucki, P. and Crabtree, P. J, pp. 466–8. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Google Scholar

Wallace, P., 2015. Viking Dublin: The Wood Quay Excavations. Sallins: Irish Academic Press.Google Scholar

Ward-Perkins, B., 2000. Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British? The English History Review 115, 513–33.Google Scholar

Watson, P. J., LeBlanc, S. A., and Redman, C. L., 1971. Explanation in Archaeology: An Explicitly Scientific Approach. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Weale, M. E., Weiss, D. A., Jager, R. F., Bradman, N., and Thomas, M. G., 2002. Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration. Molecular Biology and Evolution 19, 1008–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Webster, L., 2001. The rise, fall and resuscitation of the Taplow Burial. Resumé of a lecture given to the Sutton Hoo Society, October 28, 2001. Available online at www.suttonhoo.org/Saxon/Saxon_pdf/w_Saxon35.pdf.Google Scholar

Wells, P. S., 1984. Farms, Villages and Cities: Commerce and Urban Origins in Late Prehistoric Europe. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Wells, P. S., ed., 1993. Settlement, Economy, and Cultural Change at the End of the European Iron Age: Excavations at Kelheim in Bavaria, 1987–1991. Ann Arbor, MI: International Monographs in Prehistory.Google Scholar

Wells, P. S., 2004. Kelheim. In Ancient Europe 8000 BC–AD 1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World, edited by Bogucki, P. and Crabtree, P., pp. 247–9. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.Google Scholar

West, B., 1989. Birds and mammals from the Peabody Site. Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 40, 151–67.Google Scholar

West, S. E., 1963. Excavations at Cox Lane (1958) and the town defenses, Shire Hall Yard (1959). Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology 29, 233–303.Google Scholar

West, S. E., 1969. The Anglo-Saxon village of West Stow: an interim report on the excavations. Medieval Archaeology 23, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

West, S. E., 1985. West Stow: The Anglo-Saxon Village. East Anglian Archaeology 24. Ipswich: Suffolk County Planning Department.Google Scholar

West, S. E., 2001. West Stow Revisited. Bury St. Edmunds: West Stow County Park and Anglo-Saxon Village.Google Scholar

Wheeler, R. E. M., 1934. The topography of Saxon London. Antiquity 31, 290–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

White, R. and Barker, B., 1998. Wroxeter: Life and Death of a Roman City. Stroud: Tempus.Google Scholar

Whitlock, A., 2014. The archaeology of a medieval village: Willingham. Paper presented at the Medieval Archaeology Conference, SUNY Cortland, October 8, 2014.Google Scholar

Whytehead, R. I. and Cowie, R. L., with Blackmore, L., 1989. Excavations at the Peabody Site, Chandos Place and the National Gallery. Transactions of the London and Middlesex Archaeological Society 40, 35–176.Google Scholar

Williams, G., 2013. The circulation, minting, and use of coins in East Anglia, c. AD 580–675. In East Anglia and Its North Sea World in the Middle Ages, edited by Bates, D. and Liddiard, R., pp. 120–36. Woodbridge: Boydell.Google Scholar

Williamson, T., 2009. Sutton Hoo and Its Landscape: The Context of Monuments. Oxford: Windgather Press.Google Scholar

Williamson, T., 2013. Environment, Society and Landscape in Early Medieval England: Time and Topography. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.Google Scholar

Wiltshire County Archaeological Services, 2004. The archaeology of Wiltshire’s towns: an extensive urban survey – Cricklade. Archaeological Data Service, available online at http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/archiveDS/archiveDownload?t=arch-906-1/dissemination/pdf/EUS_Texts/Cricklade.pdf.Google Scholar

Winder, J. and Gerber-Parfitt, S. 2003. The oyster shells. In Middle Saxon London: Excavations at the Royal Opera House 1989–99, edited by G. Malcolm, D. Bowsher, and R. Cowie, pp. 325–32. London: Museum of London Archaeological Studies 15.Google Scholar

Winters, H. D., 1969. The Riverton Culture: A Second Millennium Culture in the Central Wabash Valley. Illinois Archaeological Survey, Monograph No. 1. Springfield: Illinois Archaeological Survey and the Illinois State Museum.Google Scholar

Wood, I., 2013. The Modern Origins of the Early Middle Ages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wright, R., 2010. The Ancient Indus: Urbanism, Economy, and Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wright, R., 2013. Commodities and things: the Kulli in context. In Connections and Complexity: New Approaches to the Archaeology of South Asia, edited by Abraham, A. S, Gullapalli, P., Rakzek, T. P, and Rizvi, U. Z, pp. 47–62. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press.Google Scholar

Yamin, R., 2001. From tanning to tea: the evolution of a neighborhood. Historical Archaeology 35 (3), 5–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yoffee, N., 1995. Political economy of early Mesopotamian states. Annual Review of Anthropology 24, 281–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yorke, B., 1984. The bishops of Winchester, the kings of Wessex and the development of Winchester in the 9th and 10th centuries. Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club and Archaeological Society 40, 61–70.Google Scholar

Yorke, B., 1989. The Jutes of Hampshire and Wight and the origins of Wessex. In The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms: Studies in the Early History of Britain, edited by S. Bassett, pp. 84–96. Leicester: Leicester University Press.Google Scholar

Yorke, B., 1990. Kings and Kingdoms in Early Anglo-Saxon England. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Yorke, B., 1993. Fact or fiction? The written evidence for the fifth and sixth centuries AD. Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 6, 45–50.Google Scholar

Yorke, B., 2003. Anglo-Saxon gentes and regna. In Regna and Gentes: The Relationship between Late Antique and Early Medieval Peoples and Kingdoms in the Transformation of the Roman World, edited by Goetz, H.-W., Jarnut, J., and Pohl, W., pp. 381–407. Leiden: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zeder, M., 1988. Understanding urban process through the study of specialized subsistence economy in the Near East. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 7, 1–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zeder, M., 1991. Feeding Cities: Specialized Animal Economy in the Ancient Near East. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar