Introduction

Italy underwent a remarkable economic boom in the 1950s and the beginning of the 1960s marked by a forceful industrialization (Ginsborg, 1989, 283–343). Italians themselves speak of a ‘second industrial revolution’ after the first one between the end of the 19th century and the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s. In a quick pace and relatively short time the country made a transition from a still mainly agricultural nation towards one of the most important industrial economies of the world of that time. This transition required the recruiting of many new industrial workers from the ranks of agricultural workers and artisans in a rather brief timespan. This caused large migrant streams from the south of Italy to the north, as well as a rapid urbanization of the north. The majority of important industrial enterprises such as Fiat, Pirelli, and Olivetti were concentrated in the so-called industrial triangle between Milan, Turin, and Genoa. Another relevant factor in this context was the broadly supported will in the country to overcome the political and moral deficit of the Fascist regime of Mussolini (1922–1943). This, among other things, motivated a limited number of enlightened and reformist entrepreneurs to experiment with modern American production techniques, industrial democracy and extensive social policies inside their companies. One of the most remarkable reformist entrepreneurs in this respect was Adriano Olivetti, the owner of the eponymous typewriter and office machinery company, first in its main factory at Ivrea near Milan, and then also in the new factory in Pozzuoli near Naples.