A quantized building block concept leading to a new nano-periodic system

Donald A. Tomalia; Jørn B. Christensen; Ulrik Boas

doi:10.1017/CBO9781139048859.009

8 - A quantized building block concept leading to a new nano-periodic system

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 November 2012

Donald A. Tomalia ,

Jørn B. Christensen and

Ulrik Boas

Show author details

Donald A. Tomalia: Affiliation:
NanoSynthons, LLC
Jørn B. Christensen: Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Ulrik Boas: Affiliation:
Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby

Book contents

Get access

Summary

Introduction

The role of traditional chemistry as a scientific discipline and its impact on society and the human condition has been immeasurable. The central paradigm for this science is quite simply based on quantized atom building blocks and their discrete electron activity leading to bonding and assembly of these units. The ability to use intrinsic elemental periodic property patterns (i.e. the Mendeleev Periodic Table) for predicting physico-chemical properties, defining risk/benefit boundaries, and designing new molecular structures has rested solidly on the existence of a systematic scientific framework (i.e. central dogma) for the discipline. This systematic framework has not only served to unify and define traditional small molecule chemistry, but has also evolved into a platform of understanding for many related activities in physics, engineering, biology, and medicine. Although opinions may vary concerning the order of importance and content of such a framework, a general consensus usually includes the major discoveries and events set out in Table 8.1 [1–3].

First principles and central dogma for traditional chemistry

Building on A. Lavoisier’s reactive atom hypothesis and J. Proust’s proposal that atoms possess well-defined masses relative to each other, it was possible for J. Dalton to propose his atom/molecular theory, which is described in a simplified form below [3]. These statements are a modern paraphrase of Dalton’s revolutionary publication, A New System of Chemical Philosophy (1808), that launched traditional chemistry as it is recognized today.

Type: Chapter
Information: Dendrimers, Dendrons, and Dendritic Polymers
Discovery, Applications, and the Future
, pp. 293 - 377

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139048859.009 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2012

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Heilbronner, E.Dunitz, J. D.Reflections on SymmetryNew YorkVCH Publishers, Inc. 1993Google Scholar

Pullman, B.The Atom in the History of Human ThoughtNew YorkOxford University Press 1998Google Scholar

Zumdahl, S. S.Zumdahl, S. A.ChemistryBostonHoughton Mifflin Company 2007Google Scholar

Scerri, E. R.The Periodic Table: A Very Short IntroductionNew YorkOxford University Press, Inc. 2011CrossRef Google Scholar

Strathern, P.s DreamNew YorkThe Berkley Publishing Group 2000Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Birth of a new macromolecular architecture: dendrimers as quantized building blocks for nanoscale synthetic polymer chemistryProg. Polym. Sci 30 2005 294CrossRef Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.In quest of a systematic framework for unifying and defining nanoscienceJ. Nanopart. Res 11 2009 1251CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tomalia, D. A.Fréchet, J. M.Introduction to dendrimers and dendritic polymersProg. Polym. Sci 30 2005 217CrossRef Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Naylor, A. M.W. A. Goddard III, Starburst dendrimers: molecular level control of size, shape, surface chemistry, topology and flexibility from atoms to macroscopic matterAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl 29 1990 138CrossRef Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Dendrons/dendrimer: quantized, nano-element like building blocks for soft-soft and soft-hard nano-compound synthesisSoft Matter 6 2010 456CrossRef Google Scholar

Graulich, N.Hopf, H.Schreiner, P. R.Heuristic thinking makes a chemist smartChem. Soc. Rev 39 2010 1503CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tomalia, D. A.Starburst/cascade dendrimers: fundamental building blocks for a new nanoscopic chemistry setAdv. Mater 6 1994 529CrossRef Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Durst, H. D.Weber, E.W.Supramolecular Chemistry I – Directed Synthesis and Molecular RecognitionBerlin/HeidelbergSpringer Verlag 1993Google Scholar

Bohr, N.Nobel Laureate Lecture 1922

Tomalia, D. A.Birth of a new macromolecular architecture: dendrimers as quantized building blocks for nanoscale synthetic organic chemistryAldrichimica Acta 37 2004 39Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Starburst/cascade dendrimers: fundamental building blocks for a new nanoscopic chemistry setAldrichimica Acta 26 1993 91Google Scholar

Kallos, G. J.Tomalia, D. A.Hedstrand, D. M.Lewis, S.Zhou, J.Molecular weight determination of a polyamidoamine starburst polymer by electrospray ionization mass spectrometryRapid. Commun. Mass. Spectrom 5 1991 383CrossRef Google Scholar

Schwartz, B. L.Rockwood, A. L.Smith, R. D.Tomalia, D. A.Spindler, R.Detection of high molecular weight starburst dendrimers by electrospray ionization mass spectrometryRapid. Commun. Mass. Spectrom 9 1995 1552CrossRef Google Scholar

Tolic, L. P.Anderson, G. A.Smith, R. D.Electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometric characterization of high molecular mass starburst dendrimersInt. J. Mass. Spect. Ion Proc 165/166 1997 405CrossRef Google Scholar

Dvornic, P. R.Tomalia, D. A.Genealogically directed syntheses (polymerizations): direct evidence by electrospray mass spectroscopyMacromol. Symp 98 1995 403CrossRef Google Scholar

Hummelen, J. C.Van Dongen, J. L. J.E. W. Meijer, Electrospray mass spectrometry of poly(propylene imine) dendrimers – the issue of dendritic purity of polydispersityChem. Eur. J 3 1997 1489CrossRef Google Scholar

Ruiz, J.Lafuente, G.Marcen, S.Construction of giant dendrimers using a tripodal building blockJ. Am. Chem. Soc 125 2003 7250CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Higuchi, M.Shiki, S.Ariga, K.Yamamoto, K.First synthesis of phenylazomethine dendrimer ligands and structural studiesJ. Am. Chem. Soc 123 2001 4414CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tomalia, D. A.Brothers Ii, H. M.Piehler, L. T.Durst, H. D.Swanson, D. R.Partial shell-filled core-shell tecto(dendrimers): a strategy to surface differentiated nano-clefts and cuspsProc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 2002 5081CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Uppuluri, S.Piehler, L. T.Li, J.Core-shell tecto(dendrimers): I. Synthesis and characterization of saturated shell modelsAdv. Mater 12 2000 7963.0.CO;2-1>CrossRef Google Scholar

Kojima, C.Tsumura, S.Harada, A.Kono, K.A collagen-mimic dendrimer capable of controlled releaseJ. Am. Chem. Soc 131 2009 6052CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hahn, U.Cardinali, F.Nierengarten, J.-F.Supramolecular chemistry for the self-assembly of fullerene-rich dendrimersNew. J. Chem 31 2007 1128CrossRef Google Scholar

Jensen, A. W.Maru, B. S.Zhang, X.Preparation of fullerene-shell dendrimer-core nanoconjugatesNanoLetters 5 2005 1171CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Hedden, R. C.Bauer, B. J.Structure and dimensions of PAMAM/PEG dendrimer-star polymersMacromolecules 36 2003 1829CrossRef Google Scholar

Weaver, J. H.The World of PhysicsNew YorkSimon & Schuster 1987Google Scholar

Atkins, P. W.Quanta: A Handbook of ConceptsOxfordOxford University Press 1991Google Scholar

Mansfield, M. L.Rakesh, L.Tomalia, D. A.The random parking of spheres on spheresJ. Chem. Phys 105 1996 3245CrossRef Google Scholar

Schmid, G.NanoparticlesWeinheimWiley-VCH 2004Google Scholar PubMed

Schmid, G.Meyer-Zaika, W.Pugin, R.Naked Au 55 clusters: dramatic effect of a thiol-terminated dendrimerChem. Eur. J. 6 2000 16933.3.CO;2-B>CrossRef Google Scholar

Li, J.Tomalia, D. A.Fréchet, J.M.J.Tomalia, DADendrimers and Other Dendritic PolymersChichesterWiley 2001Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Uppuluri, S.Swanson, D. R.Li, J.Dendrimers as reactive modules for the synthesis of new structure controlled, higher complexity – megamersPure Appl. Chem 72 2000 2343CrossRef Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Wang, Z.-G.Tirrell, M.Experimental self-assembly: the many facets fo self-assemblyCurr. Opin. in Colloid. & Interface Sci 4 1999 3CrossRef Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.http://www.nsf.gov/crssprgm/nano/GC_Charact08_Tomalia_nsf9_29_08.pdf 2008

Park, S. Y.Lytton-Jean, A. K. R.Lee, B.DNA-programmable nanoparticle crystallizationNature 451 2008 553CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Thomas, P. J.Kulkarni, G. U.Rao, C. N. R.Magic nuclearity giant clusters of metal nanocrystals formed by mesoscale self-assemblyJ. Phys. Chem. B 105 2001 2515CrossRef Google Scholar

Schmid, G.Clusters and colloids: bridges between molecular and condensed materialEndeavour 14 1990 172CrossRef Google Scholar

Rao, C. N. R.Chemical Approaches to the Synthesis of Inorganic MaterialsNew DelhiWiley Eastern 1994Google Scholar

Vargaftik, M. N.Moiseev, I. I.Kochubey, D. I.Zamaraev, K. I.Giant palladium clusters: synthesis and characterizationFaraday Discussions 92 1991 13CrossRef Google Scholar

Teranishi, T.Hori, H.Miyake, M.ESR study on palladium nanoparticlesJ. Phys. Chem B101 1997 5774CrossRef Google Scholar

Schmid, G.Harms, M.Malm, J.-O.Ligand-stabilized giant palladium clusters:promising candidates in heterogeneous catalysisJ. Am. Chem. Soc 115 1993 2046CrossRef Google Scholar

Wilcoxon, J. P.Martin, J. E.Provencio, P.Size distribution of gold nanoclusters studied by liquid chromatographyLangmuir 16 2000 9912CrossRef Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Baker, H.Dewald, J.A new class of polymers: Starburst dendritic macromoleculesPolym. J. (Tokyo) 17 1985 117CrossRef Google Scholar

Jackson, J. L.Chanzy, H. D.Booy, F. P.Visualization of dendrimer molecules by transmission electron microscopy (TEM): staining methods and cryo-TEM of vitrified solutionsMacromolecules 31 1998 6259CrossRef Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Baker, H.Dewald, J.Dendritic macromolecules: synthesis of starburst dendrimersMacromolecules 19 1986 2466CrossRef Google Scholar

Rosen, B. M.Wilson, C. J.Wilson, D. A.Dendron-mediated self-assembly, disassembly, and self-organization of complex systemsChem. Rev 109 2009 6275CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Satoh, N.Nakashima, T.Kamikura, K.Yamamoto, K.Quantum size effect in TiO2 nanoparticles prepared by finely controlled metal asssembly on dendrimer templatesNature Nanotechnology 3 2008 106CrossRef Google Scholar

Yamamoto, K.Imaoka, T.Chun, W.-J.Size-specific catalytic activity of platinum clusters enhances oxygen reduction reactionsNature Chemistry 1 2009 397CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zimmerman, S. C.Zeng, F.Reichert, E. C.Kolotuchin, S. V.Self-assembling dendrimersScience 271 1996 1095CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zimmerman, S. C.Lawless, L. J.Supramolecular chemistry of dendrimersTopics in Current ChemistryBerlinSpringer-Verlag 2001 95CrossRef Google Scholar

Percec, V.Wilson, D. A.Leowanawat, P.Self-assembly of Janus dendrimers into uniform dendrimersomes and other complex architecturesScience 328 2010 1009CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Zeng, F.Zimmerman, S. C.Dendrimers in supramolecular chemistry: From molecular recognition to self-assemblyChem. Rev 97 1997 1681CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Carlmark, A.Hawker, C.Hult, A.Malkoch, M.New methodologies in the construction of dendritic materialsChem. Soc. Rev 38 2009 352CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ma, Y.Kolotuchin, S. V.Zimmerman, S. C.Supramolecular polymer chemistry: self-assembling dendrimers using the DDA-AAD (GC-like) hydrogen bonding motifJ. Am. Chem. Soc 124 2002 13757CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Majoral, J.-P.Caminade, A.-M.Dendrimers containing heteroatoms (Si, P, B, Ge, or Bi)Chem. Rev 99 1999 845CrossRef Google Scholar

Antoni, P.Hed, Y.Nordberg, A.Bifunctional dendrimers: from robust synthesis and accelerated one-pot postfunctionalization strategy to potential applicationsAngew. Chem. Int. Ed 48 2009 2126CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Esfand, R.Tomalia, D. A.Fréchet, J.M.J.Tomalia, D.A.Dendrimers and Other Dendritic PolymersChichesterWiley 2001Google Scholar

Fréchet, J. M. J.Tomalia, D. A.Dendrimers and Other Dendritic PolymersChichesterWiley 2001CrossRef Google Scholar

Van Genderen, M. H. P.Mak, M. H. A.Berg, D. B.-V. D.Meijer, E. W.Fréchet, J.M.J.Tomalia, D.A.Dendrimers and Other Dendritic PolymersChichesterWiley 2001Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Henderson, S. A.Diallo, M. S.Goddard, W.A.Brenner, D.W.Lyshevski, S.E.Iafrate, G.J.Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering and TechnologyBoca Raton, FLCRC Press 2007Google Scholar

Yin, R.Zhu, Y.Tomalia, D. A.Architectural copolymers: rod-shaped, cylindrical dendrimersJ. Am. Chem. Soc 120 1998 2678CrossRef Google Scholar

Scerri, E. R.The Periodic TableNew YorkOxford University Press 2007Google Scholar

Moors, R.Vogtle, F.Dendrimere polyamineChem. Ber 126 1993 2133CrossRef Google Scholar

Fréchet, J. M. J.Functional polymers and dendrimers: reactivity, molecular architectures, and interfacial energyScience 263 1994 1710CrossRef Google Scholar

Newkome, G. R.Moorfield, C. N.Vögtle, F.Dendritic MoleculesWeinheimVCH 1996CrossRef Google Scholar

Hawker, C. J.Fréchet, J. M. J.Preparation of polymers with controlled molecular architecture. a new convergent approach to dendritic macromoleculesJ. Am. Chem. Soc 112 1990 7638CrossRef Google Scholar

Brothers II, H. M.Piehler, L. T.Tomalia, D. A.Slab-gel and capillary electrophoretic characterization of polyamidoamine dendrimersJ. Chromatogr. A 814 1998 233CrossRef Google Scholar

Cason, C. A.Oehrle, S. A.Fabre, T. A.Improved methodology for monitoring poly(amidoamine) dendrimers surface transformations and product quality by ultra performance liquid chromatographyJ. Nanomaterials 2008 2008CrossRef Google Scholar

Sharma, A.Desai, A.Ali, R.Tomalia, D. A.Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separation and detection of polyamidoamine dendrimers possessing various cores and terminal groupsJ. Chromatogr. A 1081 2005 238CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Swanson, D. R.Huang, B.Abdelbady, H. G.Tomalia, D. A.Unique steric and geometry induced stoichiometries observed in the divergent synthesis of poly(ester-acrylate) (PEA) dendrimersNew. J. Chemistry 31 2007 1368CrossRef Google Scholar

Singh, P.Terminal groups in starburst dendrimers: activation and reactions with proteinsBioconjugate Chem 9 1998 54CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Singh, P.Fréchet, J.M.J.Tomalia, D.A.Dendrimers and Dendritic PolymersChichesterWiley 2001Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Huang, B.Swanson, D. R.Brothers II, H. M.Klimash, J. W.Structure control within poly(amidoamine) dendrimers: size, shape and regio-chemical mimicry of globular proteinsTetrahedron 59 2003 3799CrossRef Google Scholar

Rosen, B. M.Wilson, D. A.Wilson, C. J.Predicting the structure of supramolecular dendrimers via the analysis of libraries of AB3 and constitutional isomeric AB2 biphenylpropyl ether self-assembling dendronsJ. Am. Chem. Soc 131 2009 17500CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kubasiak, L. A.Tomalia, D. A.Amiji, M.M.Polymeric Gene Delivery Principles and ApplicationsBoca RatonCRC Press 2005Google Scholar

Boas, U.Christensen, J. B.Heegaard, P. M. H.Dendrimers in Medicine and BiotechnologyCambridge UKThe Royal Society of Chemistry 2006Google Scholar

Zhang, C.Tomalia, D. A.Fréchet, J.M.J.Tomalia, D.A.Dendrimers and Other Dendritic PolymersChichesterWiley 2001Google Scholar

Sharma, A.Rao, M.Miller, R.Desai, A.Fluorometric assay for detection and quantization of polyamidoamine dendrimersAnalytical Biochemistry 344 2005 70CrossRef Google Scholar

Schluter, A.-D.Rabe, P. J.Dendronized polymers: synthesis, characterization, assembly at interfaces and manipulationAngew. Chem. Int. Ed 39 2000 8653.0.CO;2-E>CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rudick, J. G.Percec, V.Induced helical backbone conformations of self-oganizable dendronized polymersAccts. Chem. Res 41 2008 1641CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Percec, V.Won, B. C.Peterca, M.Heiney, P. A.Expanding the structural diversity of self-assembling dendrons and supramolecular dendrimers via complex building blocksJ. Am. Chem. Soc 129 2007 11265CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Percec, V.Cho, W.-D.Ungar, G.Yeardley, D. J. P.Increasing the diameter of cylindrical and spherical supramolecular dendrimers by decreasing the solid angle of their monodendrons via periphery functionalizationJ. Am. Chem. Soc 122 2000 10273CrossRef Google Scholar

Percec, V.Peterca, M.Dulcey, A. E.Hollow spherical supramolecular dendrimersJ. Am. Chem. Soc 130 2008 13079CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Kaucher, M. S.Peterca, M.Dulcey, A. E.Selective transport of water mediated by porous dendritic dipeptidesJ. Am. Chem. Soc 129 2007 11698CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Sano, K.-I.Ajima, K.Iwahori, K.Endowing a ferritin-like cage protein with high affinity and selectivity for certain inorganic materialsSmall 1 2005 826CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Klug, A.From macromolecules to biological assemblies (Nobel lecture)Angew. Chem. Int. Ed 22 1983 565CrossRef Google Scholar

Klug, A.The tobacco mosaic virus particle: structure and assemblyPhil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 354 1999 531CrossRef Google Scholar

Barnyard, S. H.Stammers, D. K.Harrison, P. M.Electron density map of apoferritin at 2.8-Å resolutionNature 271 1978 282CrossRef Google Scholar

Qvist, J.Davidovic, M.Hamelberg, D.Halle, B.A dry ligand-binding cavity in a solvated proteinPNAS 105 2008 6296CrossRef Google Scholar

Naylor, A. M.Goddard, W. A.Keifer, G. E.Tomalia, D. A.Starburst dendrimers 5: Molecular shape controlJ. Am. Chem. Soc 111 1989 2339CrossRef Google Scholar

Jansen, J. F. G. A.De Brabander-Van Den Berg, E. M. M.Meijer, E. W.Encapsulation of guest molecules into a dendritic boxScience 266 1994 1226CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Lothian-Tomalia, M. K.Hedstrand, D. M.Tomalia, D. A.A contemporary survey of covalent connectivity and complexity. The divergent synthesis of poly(thioether) dendrimers. Amplified, genealogical directed synthesis leading to the de Gennes dense packed stateTetrahedron 53 1997 15495CrossRef Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Fréchet, J. M. J.Fréchet, J.M.J.Tomalia, D.A.Dendrimers and Other Dendritic PolymersChichesterWiley 2001Google Scholar

Aoi, K.Itoh, K.Okada, M.Globular carbohydrate macromolecule “sugar balls”. 1. Synthesis of novel sugar-persubstituted poly(amido amine) dendrimersMacromolecules 28 1995 5391CrossRef Google Scholar

Aoi, K.Tsutsumiuchi, K.Yamamoto, A.Okada, M.Globular carbohydrate macromolecule “sugar balls” 3. “Radial-growth polymerization” of sugar-substituted alpha-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (glycoNCAs) with a dendritic initiatorTetrahedron 53 1997 15415CrossRef Google Scholar

Sánchez-Sancho, F.Pérez-Inestrosa, E.Suau, R.Dendrimers as carrier protein mimetics for IgE antibody recognition: synthesis and characterization of densely penicilloylated dendrimersBioconjugate Chem 13 2002 647CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Wiener, E. C.Brechbiel, M. W.Brothers II, H. M.Dendrimer-based metal chelates: a new class of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agentsMagnetic Resonance in Medicine 31 1994 1CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Andra, W.Nowak, H.Magnetism in Medicine: A HandbookBerlinWiley-VCH 2006CrossRef Google Scholar

Lauffer, R. B.Paramagnetic metal complexes as water proton relaxation agents for NMR imaging: theory and designChem. Rev 87 1987 901CrossRef Google Scholar

Imaoka, T.Tanaka, R.Arimoto, S.Probing stepwise complexation in phenylazomethine dendrimers by a metallo-porphyrin coreJ. Am. Chem. Soc 127 2005 13896CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Meifsner, P. C.Chemische Aequivalenten-oder AtomenlehreWiem, Germany 1834Google Scholar

Schmid, G.Metal clusters and cluster metalsPolyhedron 7 1988 2321CrossRef Google Scholar

Schmid, G.Large clusters and colloids. Metals in the embryonic stateChem. Rev 92 1992 1709CrossRef Google Scholar

Ornelas, C.Ruiz, J.Belin, C.Astruc, D.Giant dendritic molecular electrochrome batteries with ferrocenyl and pentamethylferrocencyl terminiJ. Am. Chem. Soc 131 2009 590CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ritter, S. K.Bryson, R.Blair, T. K.Dendrimersomes debut in chemical year in review 2010Chemical & Engineering News 15 (2010)

Betley, T. A.Hessler, J. A.Mecke, A.Tapping mode atomic force microscopy investigation of poly(amidoamine) core-shell tecto(dendrimers) using carbon nanoprobesLangmuir 18 2002 3127CrossRef Google Scholar

Uppuluri, S.Swanson, D. R.Brothers II, H. M.Tecto(dendrimer) core-shell molecules: macromolecular tectonics for the systematic synthesis of larger controlled structure moleculesPolym. Mater. Sci. & Eng. (ACS) 80 1999 55Google Scholar

Hedden, R. C.Bauer, B. J.Smith, A. P.Grohn, F.Amis, E.Templating of inorganic nanoparticles by PAMAM/PEG dendrimer – star polymersPolymer 43 2002 5473CrossRef Google Scholar

Boisselier, E.Diallo, A. K.Salmon, L.Encapsulation and stabilization of gold nanoparticles with “click” polyethyleneglycol dendrimersJ. Am. Chem. Soc 132 2010 2729CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Luo, D.Haverstick, K.Belcheva, N.Han, E.Saltzman, W. M.Poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated PAMAM dendrimer for biocompatible, high efficiency DNA deliveryMacromolecules 35 2002 3456CrossRef Google Scholar

Kojima, C.Toi, Y.Kono, K.Preparation of poly(ethylene glycol)-attached dendrimers encapsulating photosensitizers for application to photodynamic therapyBioconjugate Chem 18 2007 663CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Jain, K.Kesharwani, P.Gupta, U.Jain, N. K.Dendrimer toxicity: Let’s meet the challengeInternational Journal of Pharmaceutics 394 2010 122CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Suehiro, T.Kojima, C.Tsumura, S.Harada, A.Kono, K.Higher order structure of short collagen model peptides attached to dendrimers and linear polymersBiopolymers 93 2010 640CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Daniel, M.-C.Ruiz, J.Astruc, D.Supramolecular H-bonded assemblies of redox-active metallodendrimers and postive and unusual dendritic effects on the recognition of H2PO4J. Am. Chem. Soc 125 2003 1150CrossRef Google Scholar

Daniel, M.-C.Ruiz, J.Nlate, S.Blais, J.-C.Astruc, D.Nanoscopic assemblies between supramolecular redox active metallodendrons and gold nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and selective recognition of H2PO4 – HSO4, and adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP2-) anionsJ. Am. Chem. Soc 125 2003 2617CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Daniel, M.-C.Ruiz, J.Nlate, S.Gold nanoparticles containing redox-active supramolecular dendrons that recognize H2PO4−Chem. Commun 2001 2000CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tanis, I.Tragoudaras, D.Karatasos, K.Anastasiadis, S. H.Molelcular dynamics simulations of hyperbranched poly(ester amide):statics, dynamics, and hydrogen bondingJ. Phys. Chem. B 113 2009 5356CrossRef Google Scholar

Enoki, O.Katoh, H.Yamamoto, K.Synthesis and properties of a novel phenylazomethine dendrimer with a tetraphenylmethane coreOrganic Letters 8 2006 569CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gopidas, K. R.Leheny, A. R.Caminati, G.Turro, N. J.Tomalia, D. A.Photophysical investigation of similarities between starburst dendrimer and anionic micellesJ. Am. Chem. Soc 113 1991 7335CrossRef Google Scholar

Jockusch, J.Ramirez, J.Sanghvi, K.Comparison of nitrogen core and ethylenediamine core Starburst dendrimers through photochemical and spectroscopic probesMacromolecules 32 1999 4419CrossRef Google Scholar

Ottaviani, M. F.Turro, N. J.Jockusch, S.Tomalia, D. A.Characterization of starburst dendrimers by EPR. 3. Aggregational processes of a positively charged nitroxide surfactantJ. Phys. Chem 100 1996 13675CrossRef Google Scholar

Turro, N. J.Barton, J. K.Tomalia, D. A.Molecular recognition and chemistry in restricted reaction spacesAcc. Chem. Res 24 1991 332CrossRef Google Scholar

Caminade, A.-M.Laurent, R.Majoral, J.-P.Characterization of dendrimersAdvanced Drug Delivery Reviews 57 2005 2130CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Imaoka, T.Tanaka, R.Yamamoto, K.Investigation of a molecular morphology effect on polyphenylazomethine dendrimers: physical properties and metal-assembling processesChem. Eur. J 12 2006 7328CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Albrecht, K.Yamamoto, K.Dendritic structure having a potential gradient: new synthesis and properties of carbazole dendrimersJ. Am. Chem. Soc 131 2009 2244CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Fox, M. E.Szoka, F. C.Fréchet, J. M. J.Soluble polymer carriers for the treatment of cancer: the importance of molecular architectureAcc. Chem. Res 42 2009 1141CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Tomalia, D. A.Reyna, L. A.S. Svenson, Dendrimers as multi-purpose nanodevices for oncology drug delivery and diagnostic imagingBiochemical Society Transactions 35 2007 61CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Longmire, M.Choyke, P. L.Kobayashi, H.Clearance properties of nano-sized particles and molecules as imaging agents: considerations and caveatsNanomedicine 3 2008 703CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Gentleman, D. J.Chan, W. C. W.A systematic nomenclature for codifying engineered nanostructuresSmall 5 2009 426CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Ozin, G. A.Arsenault, A. C.Nanochemistry: A Chemical Approach to NanomaterialsCambridge, UKRoyal Society of Chemistry 2005Google Scholar

Goddard, W. A.Brenner, D. W.Lyshevski, S. E.Iafrate, G. J.Handbook of Nanoscience, Engineering and TechnologyBoca RatonCRC Press 2003

http://wwwwtecorg/nano2 2010

Percec, V.Heck, J.Lee, M.Ungar, G.Alvarez-Castillo, A.Poly{2-vinyloxyethyl 3,4,5-tris[4-(n-dodecanyloxy)benzyloxy]benzoate}: a self-assembled supramolecular polymer similar to tobacco mosaic virusJ. Mater. Chem 2 1992 1033CrossRef Google Scholar

Percec, V.Bioinspired supramolecular liquid crystalsPhil. Trans. R. Soc. A 364 2006 2709CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Klug, A.Tobacco mosiac virus particle structure and the initiation of disassemblyPhil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 354 1999 531CrossRef Google Scholar

Percec, V.Johansson, G.Ungar, G.Zhou, J. P.Fluorophobic effect induces the self-assembly of semifluorinated tapered monodendrons containing crown ethers into supramolecular columnar dendrimers which exhibit a homeotropic hexagonal columnar liquid crystalline phaseJ. Am. Chem. Soc 118 1996 9855CrossRef Google Scholar

Percec, V.Ahn, C.-H.Unger, G.Yeardly, D. J. P.Möller, M.Controlling polymer shape through the self-assembly of dendritic side-groupsNature 391 1998 161CrossRef Google Scholar

Percec, V.Ahn, C.-H.Cho, W.-D.Visualizable cylindrical macromolecules with controlled stiffness from backbones containing libraries of self-assembling dendritic side groupsJ. Am. Chem. Soc 120 1998 8619CrossRef Google Scholar

Percec, V.Cho, W.-D.Ungar, G.Yeardley, D. J. P.Synthesis and structural analysis of two constitutional isomeric libraries of AB2-based monodendrons and supramolecular dendrimersJ. Am. Chem. Soc 123 2001 1302CrossRef Google Scholar

Lockman, J. W.Paul, N. M.Parquette, J. R.The role of dynamically correlated conformational equilibria in the folding of macromolecular structures. A model for the design of folded dendrimersProg. Polym. Sci 30 2005 423CrossRef Google Scholar

Huang, B.Prantil, M. A.Gustafson, T. L.Parquette, J. R.The effect of global compaction on the local secondary structure of folded dendrimersJ. Am. Chem. Soc 125 2003 14518CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Butler, P. G.Klug, A.The assembly of a virusSci. Am 239 1978 62Google Scholar PubMed

Butler, P. G.The current picture of the structure and assembly of tobacco mosaic virusJ. Gen. Virol 65 1984 257CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Vögtle, F.Richardt, G.Werner, N.Rackstraw, A. J.Dendrimer Chemistry: Concepts, Syntheses, Properties, ApplicationsWeinheimWiley-VCH 2009CrossRef Google Scholar

Klabunde, K. J.Starke, J.Koper, O.Nanocrystals as stoichiometric reagents with unique surface chemistryJ. Phys. Chem. 100 1996 12142CrossRef Google Scholar

Chaudhuri, R. G.Paria, S.Core/shell nanoparticles: classes, properties, synthesis mechanisms, characterization and applicationsChem. Rev. 112 2012 2373CrossRef Google Scholar

Peterca, M.Percec, V.Leowanawat, P.Bertin, A.Predicting the size and properties of dendrimersomes from the lamellar structure of their amphiphilic Janus dendrimersJ. Am. Chem. Soc. 133 2011 20507CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Macfarlane, R. J.Lee, B. Y.Jones, M. R.Nanoparticle superlattice engineering with DNAScience 334 2011 204CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Qian, M.Reber, A.C.Ugrinov, A.Cluster-assembled materials: toward nanomaterials with precise control over propertiesACS Nano 4 2009 235CrossRef Google Scholar

Tomalia, D. A.Dendritic effects: dependency of dendritic nano-periodic property patterns on critical nanoscale design parametersNew J. Chem. 36 2012 264CrossRef Google Scholar

Castleman, A. W.Khanna, S. N.Sen, A.From designer clusters to synthetic crystalline nanoassembliesNano Letters 7 2007 2734CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Castleman, A. W.Khanna, S. N.Clusters, superatoms and building blocks of new materialsJ. Phys. Chem. C 113 2009 2664CrossRef Google Scholar

Reveles, J. U.Clayborne, P. A.Reber, A. C.Designer magnetic superatomsNature Chemistry 1 2009 310CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Pradhan, K.Reveles, J. U.Sen, A.Khanna, S. N.Enhanced magnetic moments of alkali metal coated Sc clusters: new magnetic superatomsJ. Chem. Phys. 132 2010CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Peppernick, S. J.Gunaratne, K. D. D.Castleman, A. W.Superatom spectroscopy and the electronic state correlation between elements and isoelectronic molecular counterpartsProc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 107 2010 975CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Damasceno, P. F.Engel, M.Glotzer, S. C.Predictive self-assembly of polyhedra into complex structuresScience 337 2012CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed