Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T04:39:22.918Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 5 - Promoting Critical Thinking by Teaching, or Taking, Psychology Courses

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 December 2019

Robert J. Sternberg
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Diane F. Halpern
Affiliation:
Claremont McKenna College, California
Get access

Summary

This chapter presents an overview of the importance of critical thinking, some of the reasons that people do not think critically, and some of the harmful consequences of uncritical thinking for individuals and society. It highlights the fact that psychology courses are especially appropriate venues for promoting critical thinking because they address numerous controversial, high-interest topics that are ripe for critical analysis. A set of specific demonstrations and activities illustrate some of the ways in which, through interactive lecturing, these courses can be configured to introduce a critical thinking system and incorporate systematic practice at critical thinking without fundamentally changing course content. The chapter concludes by describing a more radical approach to critical thinking in the introductory-psychology course that would, in fact, alter its content in the service of dispelling strongly held misconceptions about human behavior and mental processes.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.Google Scholar
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2018). Scam watch. Online. https://www.scamwatch.gov.au/about-scamwatch/scam-statisticsGoogle Scholar
Benassi, V. A., & Goldstein, G. S. (2006). Students’ beliefs about paranormal claims: Implications for teaching introductory psychology. In Dunn, D. S. & Chew, S. L. (Eds.), Best practices for teaching introductory psychology (pp. 225243). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Benjamin, L. T. (1991). Personalization and active learning in the large introductory psychology class. Teaching of Psychology, 18, 6874.Google Scholar
Bensley, D. A. (2010). A brief guide for teaching and assessing critical thinking in psychology. APS Observer, 23, (10) December.Google Scholar
Bensley, D. A., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2017). Psychological misconceptions: Recent scientific advances and unresolved issues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 377382.Google Scholar
Bensley, D. A., Rainey, C., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Kuehne, S. (2015). What do psychology students know about what they know in psychology? Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 1, 283297.Google Scholar
Bernstein, D. A. (2017). Bye-bye intro: A proposal for transforming introductory psychology. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 3, 191197.Google Scholar
Best, J. B. (1982). Misconceptions about psychology among students who perform highly. Psychological Reports, 51, 239244.Google Scholar
Blaskiewicz, R. (Ed.) (2015). Magic in the classroom: Using extraordinary claims to teach critical thinking. Falls Church, VA: James Randi Educational Foundation.Google Scholar
Blessing, S. B., & Blessing, J. S. (2010). Psych-Busters: A means of fostering critical thinking in the introductory course. Teaching of Psychology, 37, 178182. DOI:10.1080/00986283.2010.488540CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ceci, S. J., & Williams, W. M. (2018). Who decides what is acceptable speech on campus? Why restricting free speech is not the answer. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13, 299323.Google Scholar
Chew, S. L. (2005). Seldom in doubt but often wrong: Addressing tenacious student misconceptions. In Dunn, D. S. & Chew, S. L. (Eds.). Best Practices in Teaching General Psychology (pp. 211223). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Board, College. (2016). AP Program Participation and Performance Data 2016. Online. http://research.collegeboard.org/programs/ap/data/participation/ap-2016Google Scholar
Creţu, V., & Creţu, N. (2014). Critical thinking competency for an open government. European Public Sector Information Platform Topic Report No. 2014/11. Online. https://www.europeandataportal.eu/sites/default/files/2014_critical_thinking_competency_for_an_open_government.pdfGoogle Scholar
Deichert, N. T., Maxwell, S. J., & Klotz, J. (2016). Retention of information taught in introductory psychology courses across different accelerated course formats. Teaching of Psychology, 43, 49.Google Scholar
Della Sala, S. (Ed.). (1999). Mind myths: Exploring popular assumptions about the mind and brain. Chichester, UK: Wiley.Google Scholar
Della Sala, S. (Ed). (2007). Tall tales about the mind and brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eison, J. (2010). Using active learning instructional strategies to create excitement and enhance learning. Online. https://tinyurl.com/y55u8os5Google Scholar
Faust, J. L., & Paulson, D. R. (1998). Active learning in the college classroom. Journal on Excellence in College Teaching, 9(2), 324.Google Scholar
Fox News Insider (2018). College students oppose Obama remarks when told they’re from Trump. Online. http://insider.foxnews.com/2018/02/05/college-students-oppose-obama-remarks-when-told-theyre-trumpGoogle Scholar
Furnham, A., & Hughes, D. J. (2014). Myths and misconceptions in popular psychology: Comparing psychology students and the general public. Teaching of Psychology, 41, 256261.Google Scholar
Gardner, R. M., & Dalsing, S. (1986). Misconceptions about psychology among college students. Teaching of Psychology, 13, 3234. DOI:10.1207/s15328023top1301_9Google Scholar
Gaze, C. M. (2014). Popular psychological myths: A comparison of students’ beliefs across the psychology major. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning, 14, 2, 4660. DOI:10.14434/josotl.v14i2.3931Google Scholar
Glass, L., Bartels, J., Ryan, J., & Stark-Wroblewski, K. (2008). The effectiveness of psychology courses at discontinuing common psychological myths. Individual Differences Research, 6(2), 97103.Google Scholar
Gorenstein, E. E., & Comer, R. J. (2014). Case studies in abnormal psychology. New York: Worth.Google Scholar
Gregg, V. R., Winer, G. A., Cottrell, J. E., Hedman, K. E., & Fournier, J. S. (2001). The persistence of a misconception about vision after educational interventions. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 622626. DOI:10.3758/BF03196199Google Scholar
Griggs, R. A., & Ransdell, S. E. (1987). Misconceptions tests or misconceived tests. Teaching of Psychology, 14, 210213. DOI:10.1207/s15328023top1404_4Google Scholar
Gurung, R. A. R., Hackathorn, J., Enns, C., Frantz, S., Cacioppo, J. T., Loop, T., & Freeman, J. E. (2016). Strengthening introductory psychology: A new model for teaching the introductory course. American Psychologist, 71, 112124.Google Scholar
Gutman, A. (1979). Misconceptions of psychology and performance in the introductory psychology course. Teaching of Psychology, 6, 159161.Google Scholar
Hagood, A. (2009). Personal communication. January 4.Google Scholar
Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., & Fielding, K. S. (2018). The psychological roots of anti-vaccination attitudes: A 24-nation investigation. Health Psychology, 37(4), 307315.Google Scholar
Hughes, S., Lyddy, F., & Lambe, S. (2013). Misconceptions about psychological science: A review. Psychology Teaching and Learning, 12, 2031.Google Scholar
Khanna, M. M., Badura Brack, A. S., & Finken, L. L. (2013). Short- and long-term effects of cumulative finals on student learning. Teaching of Psychology, 40, 175182.Google Scholar
Kowalski, P., & Taylor, A. (2009). The effect of refuting misconceptions in the introductory psychology class. Teaching of Psychology, 36(3), 153159. DOI:10.1080/00986280902959986Google Scholar
Kowalski, P., & Taylor, A. K. (2017). Reducing students’ misconceptions with refutational teaching: For long-term retention, comprehension matters. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Psychology, 3, 90100. DOI:10.1037/stl0000082Google Scholar
LaCaille, R. A. (2015). Two birds with one myth debunking campaign: Engaging students to target psychological misconceptions. Teaching of Psychology, 42, 323329. DOI:10.1177/0098628315603066Google Scholar
Landau, J. D., & Bavaria, A. J. (2003). Does deliberate source monitoring reduce students’ misconceptions about psychology? Teaching of Psychology, 30, 311314.Google Scholar
Landrum, R. E., & Gurung, R. A. R. (2013). The memorability of introductory psychology revisited. Teaching of Psychology, 40, 222227.Google Scholar
Levy, K. N., Kelly, K. M., & Ray, W. J. (2018). Case studies in abnormal psychology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Lewandowsky, S., Ecker, U. K., Seifert, C. M., Schwarz, N., & Cook, J. (2012). Misinformation and its correction: Continued influence and successful debiasing. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 13, 106131. DOI:10.1177/1529100612451018Google Scholar
Lilienfeld, S. O., Lynn, S. J., Ruscio, J., & Beyerstein, B. L. (2009). Fifty great myths of popular psychology: Shattering widespread misconceptions about human behavior. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Lyddy, F., & Hughes, S. (2012). Attitudes towards psychology as a science and the persistence of psychological misconceptions in psychology undergraduates. In Karandashev, V. & McCarthy, S. (Eds.), Teaching psychology around the world, Vol. 3 (pp. 330349). Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
McCutcheon, L. E. (1991). A new test of misconceptions about psychology. Psychological Reports, 68, 647653.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKeachie, W. J. (1960). Changes in scores on the northwestern misconceptions test in six elementary psychology courses. Journal of Educational Psychology, 51, 240244. DOI:10.1037/h0048569Google Scholar
Mercer, J. (2010). Child development: Myths and misunderstandings. New York: Sage.Google Scholar
Morris, S. (1981). Believing in ESP: Effects of dehoaxing. In Frazier, K. (Ed.), Paranormal borderlands of science. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.Google Scholar
National Center for Education Statistics. (2008). Digest of education statistics. Online. http://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d08/tables/dt08_314.aspGoogle Scholar
National Education Association. (2012). Preparing 21st century students for a global society: An educator’s guide to “the four Cs.” Washington, DC: National Education Association.Google Scholar
Nixon, H. K. (1925). Popular answers to some psychological questions. American Journal of Psychology, 36, 418423.Google Scholar
Pfund, R. A., Norcross, J. C., Hailstorks, R., Stamm, K. E., & Christidis, P. (2018). Introduction to psychology: Course purposes, learning outcomes, and assessment practices. Teaching of Psychology, 45(3), 213219.Google Scholar
Rickard, H. C., Rogers, R., Ellis, N. R., & Beidleman, W. B. (1988). Some retention, but not enough. Teaching of Psychology , 15, 151152. DOI:10.1207/s15328023top1503_14Google Scholar
Rozin, P., & Jonides., J. (1977). Mass reaction time: Measurement of the speed of the nerve impulse and the duration of mental processes in class. Teaching of Psychology, 4, 9194.Google Scholar
Scepansky, J., & Carkenord, D. M. (2004). Senior year retention of methods and statistics concepts. Teaching of Psychology, 31, 912.Google Scholar
Schwarz, N., Sanna, L., Skurnik, I., & Yoon, C. (2007). Metacognitive experiences and the intricacies of setting people straight: Implications for debiasing and public information campaigns. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 127161.Google Scholar
Standing, L. G., & Huber, H. (2003). Do psychology courses reduce belief in psychological myths? Social Behavior and Personality, 57, 585592. DOI:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.6.585CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swami, V., Stieger, S., Pietschnig, J., Nader, I. W., & Voracek, M. (2012). Using more than 10% of our brains: Examining belief in science-related myths from an individual difference perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 22(3), 404408. DOI:10.1016/j.lindif.2011.12.005Google Scholar
Taylor, A. K., & Kowalski, P. (2004). I psychological science: The prevalence, strength, and sources of misconceptions. Psychological Record, 54, 1525.Google Scholar
Taylor, A. K., & Kowalski, P. (2014). Student misconceptions: Where do they come from and what can we do? In Benassi, V. A., Overson, C. E., & Hakala, C. M. (Eds.), Applying science of learning in education: Infusing psychological science into the curriculum (pp. 259273). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
The Conference Board, Corporate Voices for Working Families, The Partnership for 21st Century Skills, The Society for Human Resource Management (2006). Are they really ready to work? Employers’ perspectives on the basic knowledge and applied skills of new entrants to the 21st century U.S. workforce. New York: The Conference Board, Corporate Voices for Working Families, The Partnership for 21st Century Skills, The Society for Human Resource Management. Online. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED519465.pdfGoogle Scholar
UK Committee of Public Accounts (2017). The growing threat of online fraud. Sixth Report of Session 2017–19. London: House of Commons. Online. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmpubacc/399/399.pdfGoogle Scholar
US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2000). The NPEC Sourcebook on Assessment, Volume 1: Definitions and Assessment Methods for Critical Thinking, Problem Solving, and Writing, NCES 2000–172. Online. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2000/2000195.pdfGoogle Scholar
US Federal Trade Commission (2018). Scam alerts. Online. https://www.consumer.ftc.gov/features/scam-alertsGoogle Scholar
Vaughan, E. D. (1977). Misconceptions about psychology among introductory psychology students. Teaching of Psychology, 4, 138141. DOI:10.1207/s15328023top0403_9Google Scholar
Von Helmholtz, H. (1850a). Vorläufiger Bericht über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Nerventhätigkeit. Archive of the Berlin Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften.Google Scholar
Von Helmholtz, H. (1850b). Über die Fortpflanzungsgeschwindigkeit der Nervenreizung. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin.Google Scholar
Wade, C. (1988, April). Thinking critically about critical thinking in psychology. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.Google Scholar
Winer, G. A., Cottrell, J. E., Gregg, V., Fournier, J. S., & Bica, L. A. (2002). Fundamentally misunderstanding visual perception. Adults’ belief in visual emissions. American Psychologist, 57, 417424. DOI:10.1037/0003-066X.57.6-7.417Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×