Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-06T11:05:00.385Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Part IV - Cultural Perspectives from Asia-Pacific

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 October 2019

Carol Frieze
Affiliation:
Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania
Jeria L. Quesenberry
Affiliation:
Carnegie Mellon University, Pennsylvania
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Cracking the Digital Ceiling
Women in Computing around the World
, pp. 261 - 323
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Aaltio, I., and Huang, J. (2007). Women Managers’ Careers in Information Technology in China: High Flyers with Emotional Costs? Journal of Organizational Change Management, 20(2), 227244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
CBNData. (2016). Report on Chinese Women’s Consumption Market. www.yicai.com/news/5080567.html (accessed August 31, 2018).Google Scholar
Chinese Women’s Research Network. (2010). The Main Data Report of the Third Survey of the Status of Chinese Women. www.wsic.ac.cn/staticdata/84760.htm (accessed June 26, 2018).Google Scholar
Compeau, D. R., and Higgins, C. A. (1995). Computer Self-Efficacy: Development of a Measure and Initial Test. MIS Quarterly, 189–211.Google Scholar
Dike, P. (2013). The Impact of Workplace Diversity on Organisations. ARCADA, 1(1), 152.Google Scholar
Elizabeth, J. (2017). The 17% Problem: Why Does the Percentage of Women in Computer Science Stop There? JaxEnter. https://jaxenter.com/women-in-computer-science-majors-133646.html (accessed June 29, 2018).Google Scholar
Kaya, Y. (2017). Google Struggles to Increase Workforce Diversity. CNN Tech. http://money.cnn.com/2017/06/29/technology/google-diversity-report/index.html (accessed June 27, 2018).Google Scholar
Lacy, S. (2017). Women in Tech Are Rising Higher in China than in the US. The Atlantic. www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/11/women-china-tech/545588/ (accessed June 26, 2018).Google Scholar
Microsoft (2017). Microsoft Global Diversity and Inclusion: Inside Microsoft. Microsoft. www.microsoft.com/en-us/diversity/inside-microsoft/default.aspx#epgDivFocusArea (accessed June 27, 2018).Google Scholar
National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2002). The Major Data Report of Second Spot Check of Chinese Women’s Social Status. www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/qttjgb/qgqttjgb/t20020331_15816.htm.Google Scholar
People’s Republic of China State Council Information Office. (2015). China White Paper on Gender Equality and Women Development.Google Scholar
Proginn and Juejin. (2017). A Survey Report on Computer Science Engineers in China (2017). www.sohu.com/a/165615021_475887 (accessed June 27, 2018).Google Scholar
Proginn. (2018). 2018 Chinese Programmer’s Salary and Life Survey Report. https://blog.csdn.net/helloxiaozhe/article/details/80510504 (accessed June 27, 2018).Google Scholar
Souhu News. (2017). Why Female IT Practitioners Account for a Low Proportion. www.sohu.com/a/201304649_267106 (accessed June 27, 2018).Google Scholar
Sun, L., Ma, X., Zhang, M., and Pan, T. (2018). Ada Workshop: Study and Practice on Improving Gender Diversity in Computer Science Industry.Google Scholar
Wen, H., and Cui, F. (2013). An Analysis of Women’s Political Emancipation in the Early Period of the Founding of New China: A Perspective from the People’s Daily, 1949–1956. Monthly Research Theory of Marxism, 38–41.Google Scholar
Zhejiang News. (2017). Is Internet Business More Suitable for Women? https://zj.zjol.com.cn/news/577640.html (accessed on June 26, 2018).Google Scholar

References

Ashcraft, C., Eger, E., and Friend, M. (2012). Girls in IT: The Facts. Boulder, CO: National Center for Women and Information Technology.Google Scholar
Bartilla, A., and Köppe, C. (2015). Awareness Seeds for More Gender Diversity in Computer Science Education. In Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs, July 8–12, 2015, Kaufbeuren, Germany.Google Scholar
Cheryan, S., Master, A., and Meltzoff, A. N. (2015). Cultural Stereotypes as Gatekeepers: Increasing Girls’ Interest in Computer Science and Engineering by Diversifying Stereotypes. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, article number 49. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00049.Google Scholar
Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., and Greenwald, A. G. (2011), Math-Gender Stereotypes in Elementary School Children. Child Development, 82(3), 766779.Google Scholar
Damarin, S., and Erchick, D. B. (2010), Toward Clarifying the Meanings of “Gender” in Mathematics Education Research. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 41(4), 310323.Google Scholar
Forrest, C. (2014), Media Portrayals of Women in Tech: Google Joins Non-profits to Drive Change. TechRepublic. www.techrepublic.com/article/media-portrayals-of-women-in-tech-google-joins-non-profits-to-drive-change/, accessed July 6, 2018.Google Scholar
Goldman, J. (2016). Why It’s Getting Harder, Not Easier, to Find Women with Computer Science Degrees. www.inc.com/jeremy-goldman/why-its-getting-harder-not-easier-to-find-women-with-computer-science-degrees.html, accessed July 3, 2018.Google Scholar
Google. (2014). Women Who Choose Computer Science – What Really Matters. https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/edu.google.com/en//pdfs/women-who-choose-what-really.pdf, accessed July 7, 2018.Google Scholar
Hyde, J. S., Lindberg, S. M., Linn, M. C., Ellis, A. B., and Williams, C. C. (2008). Gender Similarities Characterize Math Performance. Science, New Series, 321(5888), 494495.Google Scholar
Jung, L., Clark, U., Patterson, L., and Pence, T. (2017). Closing the Gender Gap in the Technology Major. Information Systems Education Journal (ISEDJ), 15(1), 2641.Google Scholar
Kendall, G. (2016). Why Girls Are Put Off Studying Computer Science. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/why-girls-are-put-off-studying-computer-science-70691, accessed July 3, 2018.Google Scholar
Larson, S. (2014). Why So Few Women Are Studying Computer Science. ReadWrite. https://readwrite.com/2014/09/02/women-in-computer-science-why-so-few/, accessed July 3, 2018.Google Scholar
Othman, M., and Latih, R. (2006). Women in Computer Science: No Shortage Here. Communications of the ACM, 49(3), 111114.Google Scholar
Owolabi, J., Olanipekun, P., and Iwerima, J. (2014). Mathematics Ability and Anxiety, Computer and Programming Anxieties, Age and Gender as Determinants of Achievement in Basic Programming, GSTF Journal on Computing (JoC), 3(4), 109114. Doi: 10.5176/2251-3043_3.4.296CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinker, S., and Spleker, E. S. (2005). The Science and Gender of Science: Pinker vs. Spleker – A Debate. Edge: The Third Culture, May 16. www.edge.org/3rd_culture/debate05/debate05_index.html#s2, accessed July 5, 2017.Google Scholar
Pollack, E. (2013). Why Are There Still So Few Women in Science? New York Times, October 3.Google Scholar
Potter, D. (2015, September 15). More Women Examine a Career in Forensic Science. ABC News. ABC News Network.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. (2015). How Early Education Can Close the Gender Gap in STEM, Fortune. http://fortune.com/2015/10/28/early-education-gender-gap-stem/, accessed 4 July 2018.Google Scholar

References

Biao, X. (2005). Gender, Dowry and the Migration System of Indian Information Technology Professionals. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 12(2–3), 357380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakshmi, C. (2008). A Good Woman, a Very Good Woman: Tamil Cinema’s Women. In Velayutham, S. (ed.), Tamil Cinema. New York: Routledge, 1628.Google Scholar
Pal, J. (2010). Of Mouse and Men: Computers and Geeks as Cinematic Icons in Age of ICTD. In Proceedings of the 2010 iConference, 179–187.Google Scholar
Pandian, M. S. S. (1992). The Image Trap: MG Ramachandran in Film and Politics. New Delhi: Sage Publications India.Google Scholar
Yakaboski, T., Stout, R., and Sheridan, K. (2013). U.S. Engineering Degrees for Improving South Indian Graduate Students’ Marriage and Dowry Options. Journal of Studies in International Education, 18(1), 4563.Google Scholar
Zweben, S. and Bizot, B. (2018). Another Year of Record Undergrad Enrollment: Doctoral Degree Production Steady While Master’s Production Rises Again. Computing Research Association (CRA) Bulletin, May 21, Washington, DC. Retreived from https://cra.org/2017-cra-taulbee-survey-another-year-of-record-undergrad-enrollment-doctoral-degree-production-steady-while-masters-production-rises-again/.Google Scholar

References

ACM and IEEE Computer Society. (2005). Computing Curricula 2005 – The Overview Reports. New York: Authors.Google Scholar
Adam, J. C., Bauer, V., and Baichoo, S. (2003). An Expanding Pipeline: Gender in Mauritius, SIGCSE Bulletin, 35(1), 5963.Google Scholar
Ahuja, M. K. (2002). Women in the Information Technology Profession: A Literature Review Synthesis and Research Agenda. European Journal of Information Systems, 11, 2034.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aspray, W. (2016). Women and Underrepresented Minorities in Computing: A Historical and Social Study. Switzerland: Springer.Google Scholar
Basant, R., and Rani, U. (2004). Labour Market Deepening in India’s IT: An Exploratory Analysis. Economic and Political Weekly, 39(50), 53175326.Google Scholar
Beyer, S. (2014). Why Are Women Underrepresented in Computer Science? Gender Differences in Stereotypes, Self-efficacy, Values, and Interests and Predictors of Future CS Course Taking and Grades. Computer Science Education, 24, 153192.Google Scholar
Beyer, S. (2015). Women and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM). In Dunn, S. (ed.), Oxford Bibliographies in Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Beyer, S. (2016). Women in CS: Deterrents. In Laplante, P. A. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology. CRC Group.Google Scholar
Cheryan, S. (2011). Understanding the Paradox in Math-Related Fields: Why Do Some Gender Gaps Remain While Others Do Not? Sex Roles, 66, 184190.Google Scholar
Cohoon, J. M., and Aspray, W. (eds.). (2006). Women and Information Technology: Research on Underrepresentation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Fan, T. S., and Li, Y. C. (2004). Gender Issues and Computers: College Computer Science Education in Taiwan. Computers & Education, 44, 285300.Google Scholar
Good, C., Rattan, A., and Dweck, C. S. (2012). Why Do Women Opt Out? Sense of Belonging and Women’s Representation in Mathematics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 700717.Google Scholar
Hyde, J. S., Lindberg, S. M., Linn, M. C., Ellis, A. B., and Williams, C. C. (2008). Gender Similarities Characterize Math Performance. Science, 321(5888), 494495.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kahle, J., and Schmidt, G. (2004). Reasons Women Pursue a Computer Science Career: Perspectives of Women from a Mid-sized Institution. Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, 19, 7889.Google Scholar
Katz, S., Aronis, J., Allbritton, D., Wilson, C., and Soffa, M. L. (2003). Gender and Race in Predicting Achievement in Computer Science. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 22(3), 2027.Google Scholar
Lagesen, V. A. (2008). A Cyberfeminist Utopia? Perceptions of Gender and Computer Science among Malaysian Women Computer Science Students and Faculty. Science, Technology & Human Values, 33, 527.Google Scholar
Lang, C. (2010). Happenstance and Compromise: A Gendered Analysis of Students’ Computing Degree Course Selection. Computer Science Education, 20, 317345.Google Scholar
Larsen, E. A., and Stubbs, M. I. (2005). Increasing Diversity in Computer Science: Acknowledging Yet Moving beyond Gender. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 11, 139169.Google Scholar
Lee, A. C. K. (2003). Undergraduate Students’ Gender Differences in IT Skills and Attitudes. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 19, 488500.Google Scholar
Margolis, J., and Fisher, A. (2002). Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
National Science Board. (2018). Science and Engineering Indicators. Arlington: National Science Foundation.Google Scholar
Papastergiou, M. (2008). Are Computer Science and Information Technology Still Masculine Fields? Computers & Education, 51, 594608.Google Scholar
Quesenberry, J. L., and Trauth, E. M. (2012). The (Dis)placement of Women in the IT Workforce: An Investigation of Individual Career Values and Organizational Interventions. Information Systems Journal, 22, 457473.Google Scholar
Sarshar, M. (2010). Patriarchy: The Indian Experience. New Delhi: BePress.Google Scholar
Shashaani, L., and Khalili, A. (2001). Gender and Computers: Similarities and Differences in Iranian College Students’ Attitudes toward Computers. Computers & Education, 37, 363375.Google Scholar
Singh, K., Allen, K. R., Scheckler, R., and Darlington, L. (2007). Women in Computer-Related Majors: A Critical Synthesis of Research and Theory from 1994 to 2005. Review of Educational Research, 77, 500533.Google Scholar
Statista. (2018). Number of Students Who Graduated in Computer Science Engineering Stream across India in FY 2016, by Gender (in 1,000s). www.statista.com/statistics/765577/india-number-of-students-graduated-in-computer-science-engineering-stream-by-gender/.Google Scholar
US Department of Labor. (2017). Employment Projections: 2016–26 Summary. www.bls.gov/news.release/ecopro.nr0.htm.Google Scholar
Varma, R. (2002a). Women in Information Technology: A Case Study of Undergraduate Students in a Minority-Serving Institution. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 22, 274282.Google Scholar
Varma, R. (2002b). Technological Fix: Sex Determination in India. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 22, 2130.Google Scholar
Varma, R. (2007). Women in Computing: The Role of Geek Culture. Science as Culture, 16, 359376.Google Scholar
Varma, R. (2009). Exposure, Training and Environment: Women’s Participation in Computing Education in the United States and India. Journal of Women and Minority in Science and Engineering, 15, 205222.Google Scholar
Varma, R. (2010). Computing Self-Efficacy among Women in India. Journal of Women and Minorities in Science and Engineering, 16, 257274.Google Scholar
Varma, R. (2011). Indian Women and Mathematics for Computer Science. IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 30, 3946.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varma, R. (2015a). Decoding Femininity in Computer Science in India. Communications of ACM, 58, 5662.Google Scholar
Varma, R. (2015b). Making a Meaningful Choice: Women’s Selection of Computer Science in India. In Pearson, Willie, Frehill, Lisa M., and McNeely, Connie L. (eds.), Advancing Women in Science: International Perspectives. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Varma, R. (2016). Paradox of Empowerment and Marginalization: Indian Women in Computer Science. In Peterson, Helen (ed.), Gender in Transnational Knowledge Companies. New York: Springer.Google Scholar
Varma, R., and Kapur, D. (2010). Access, Satisfaction, and Future: Undergraduate Studies at the Indian Institutes of Technology. Higher Education, 59(6), 703717.Google Scholar
Varma, R., and Kapur, D. (2013). Comparative Analysis of Brain Drain, Brain Circulation and Brain Retain: A Case Study of Indian Institutes of Technology. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, 15(4), 315330.Google Scholar
Wajcman, J. (2004). Technofeminism. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

References

Anderson, I. (2014). Broadening Indigenous Participation across the Disciplines. Address to the Australian Council of Deans of ICT Annual Council Meeting, July 2014. www.acdict.edu.au/documents/ONPresentationtoACDICT7Final.pdf, accessed August 2018.Google Scholar
Australian Computer Society (ACS). (2018). Australia’s Digital Pulse: Driving Australia’s International ICT Competitiveness and Digital Growth. www.acs.org.au/content/dam/acs/acs-publications/aadp2018.pdf, accessed August 28, 2018.Google Scholar
Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority (ACARA). (2015). Australian Curriculum. www.acara.edu.au/curriculum, accessed April 2017.Google Scholar
Australian Government. (2018). Workplace Gender Equality Agency. www.wgea.gov.au/wgea-newsroom/iwd-2018-key-facts-about-women-and-work, accessed July 25, 2018.Google Scholar
Australian Government, Office of the Chief Scientist. (2016). Australia’s STEM Workforce: Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics. www.chiefscientist.gov.au/2016/03/report-australias-stem-workforce/, accessed August 2018.Google Scholar
Biddle, N., and Markham, F. (2018) Census 2016: What’s Changed for Indigenous Australians? The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/census-2016-whats-changed-for-indigenous-australians-79836, accessed August 2018.Google Scholar
Charles, M., and Bradley, K. (2006). A Matter of Degrees: Female Underrepresentation in Computer Science Programs Cross-Nationally. In Women and Information Technology, Cohoon, J. M. and Aspray, W. (eds.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 183203.Google Scholar
Coldwell-Neilson, J. (2018, April). Equity and Diversity in ICT. Presentation at Australian Council of Deans in ICT (ACDICT) Academy Learning and Teaching Forum (ALTA). University of New South Wales. www.acdict.edu.au/documents/ACM2017/ColdwellN-Equity+DiversityinICT.pdf, accessed July 2018.Google Scholar
Faulkner, K. (2018, April). Equity and Diversity in ICT. Presentation at Australian Council of Deans in ICT (ACDICT) Academy Learning and Teaching Forum (ALTA). University of New South Wales. www.acdict.edu.au/documents/ALTA2018/Falkner-Enrolment%20Data%20Update.pdf, accessed April 16, 2019.Google Scholar
Fisher, J., Lang, C., Craig, A., and Forgasz, H. (2016). Digital Divas: Putting the Wow into Computing for Girls. Melbourne: Monash University Publishing.Google Scholar
Hodkinson, P., and Sparkes, A. C. (1997). Careership: A Sociological Theory of Career Decision Making. British Journal of Sociology of Education 18(1): 2944.Google Scholar
Lang, C. (2010). Happenstance and Compromise: A Gendered Analysis of Students’ Computing Degree Course Selection. Computer Science Education 20(4): 317345.Google Scholar
Lang, C. (2012). Sequential Attrition of Secondary School Student Interest in IT Courses and Careers. Information Technology and People 25(3): 281299.Google Scholar
Lang, C., Craig, A., and Casey, G. (2017). A Pedagogy of Outreach Activities in ICT: Promoting Peer to Peer Learning, Creativity and Experimentation. British Journal of Educational Technology 48(6): 14911501.Google Scholar
Partovi, H. (n.d). What % of STEM Should Be Computer Science. www.irvinechambereconomicdevelopment.com/media/userfiles/subsite_132/files/rl/evc/library/computer_science_vs_stem1.pdf, accessed August 29, 2018.Google Scholar
Valian, V. (1999). Why So Slow?: The Advancement of Women. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Venn, D. (2016). Indigenous Youth Employment and the School to Work Transition, CAEPR 2016 Census Paper No. 6. Australian National University. http://caepr.cass.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/docs/2018/6/CAEPR_Census_Paper_6_2018_0.pdf, accessed 28 August 2018.Google Scholar
Victorian Tertiary Admission Centre. (2018). VTAC Annual Report and Statistics. Section D Completion by Subject. www.vtac.edu.au/statistics/stats13-14.html, accessed August 2018.Google Scholar
Wajcman, J. (2000). Reflections on Gender and Technology Studies: In What State Is the Art? Social Studies of Science 30(3): 447464.Google Scholar
Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA). (2018). Australia’s Gender Equality Scorecard. www.wgea.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/2016-17-gender-equality-scorecard.pdf, accessed April 16, 2019.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×