Book contents
- Core Topics in Airway Management
- Core Topics in Airway Management
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface to the Third Edition
- Section 1 Airway Management: Background and Techniques
- Chapter 1 Anatomy
- Chapter 2 Physiology of Apnoea, Hypoxia and Airway Reflexes
- Chapter 3 The Epidemiology of Airway Management Complications
- Chapter 4 Structured Planning of Airway Management
- Chapter 5 Pre-anaesthetic Airway Assessment
- Chapter 6 Pre-anaesthetic Airway Endoscopy, Real and Virtual
- Chapter 7 Ultrasonography for Airway Management
- Chapter 8 Oxygenation: before, during and after Airway Management
- Chapter 9 Awake Tracheal Intubation
- Chapter 10 Drugs for Airway Management
- Chapter 11 How to Avoid Morbidity from Aspiration of Gastric Content to the Lungs
- Chapter 12 Face Mask Ventilation
- Chapter 13 Supraglottic Airways
- Chapter 14 Tracheal Intubation: Direct Laryngoscopy
- Chapter 15 Tracheal Tube Introducers (Bougies), Stylets and Airway Exchange Catheters
- Chapter 16 Tracheal Intubation Using the Flexible Optical Bronchoscope
- Chapter 17 Videolaryngoscopy
- Chapter 18 Expiratory Ventilation Assistance and Ventilation through Narrow Tubes
- Chapter 19 Multimodal Techniques for Airway Management
- Chapter 20 Front of Neck Airway (FONA)
- Chapter 21 Extubation
- Section 2 Airway Management: Clinical Settings and Subspecialties
- Section 3 Airway Management: Organisation
- Index
- References
Chapter 2 - Physiology of Apnoea, Hypoxia and Airway Reflexes
from Section 1 - Airway Management: Background and Techniques
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 03 October 2020
Book contents
- Core Topics in Airway Management
- Core Topics in Airway Management
- Copyright page
- Contents
- Contributors
- Foreword
- Preface to the Third Edition
- Section 1 Airway Management: Background and Techniques
- Chapter 1 Anatomy
- Chapter 2 Physiology of Apnoea, Hypoxia and Airway Reflexes
- Chapter 3 The Epidemiology of Airway Management Complications
- Chapter 4 Structured Planning of Airway Management
- Chapter 5 Pre-anaesthetic Airway Assessment
- Chapter 6 Pre-anaesthetic Airway Endoscopy, Real and Virtual
- Chapter 7 Ultrasonography for Airway Management
- Chapter 8 Oxygenation: before, during and after Airway Management
- Chapter 9 Awake Tracheal Intubation
- Chapter 10 Drugs for Airway Management
- Chapter 11 How to Avoid Morbidity from Aspiration of Gastric Content to the Lungs
- Chapter 12 Face Mask Ventilation
- Chapter 13 Supraglottic Airways
- Chapter 14 Tracheal Intubation: Direct Laryngoscopy
- Chapter 15 Tracheal Tube Introducers (Bougies), Stylets and Airway Exchange Catheters
- Chapter 16 Tracheal Intubation Using the Flexible Optical Bronchoscope
- Chapter 17 Videolaryngoscopy
- Chapter 18 Expiratory Ventilation Assistance and Ventilation through Narrow Tubes
- Chapter 19 Multimodal Techniques for Airway Management
- Chapter 20 Front of Neck Airway (FONA)
- Chapter 21 Extubation
- Section 2 Airway Management: Clinical Settings and Subspecialties
- Section 3 Airway Management: Organisation
- Index
- References
Summary
The nature and origin of hypoxia is multifaceted. The prevention and treatment include optimisation of pre- and peroxygenation and the wise choice and use of neuromuscular blocking agents. Upper airway reflexes are important to anaesthetists as a clear airway allows safe ventilation of the lungs and oxygenation of the patient. Anaesthetic agents produce changes in the sensitivity of upper airway reflexes, with propofol being associated with depression of upper airway reflexes. This means that airway manipulation, and insertion of airways, including laryngeal mask airways, are more easily tolerated following induction of anaesthesia with propofol compared with other induction agents. Ageing leads to a gradual reduction in the sensitivity of upper airway reflexes. Cigarette smoking increases the sensitivity of upper airway reflexes, a change which persists for up to 2 weeks following cessation of smoking.
- Type
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- Information
- Core Topics in Airway Management , pp. 9 - 21Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2020
References
Further Reading
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Farmery, AD, Roe, PG. (1996). A model to describe the rate of oxyhaemoglobin desaturation during apnoea. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 76, 284–291.Google Scholar
Farmery, AD, Whiteley, JP. (2001). A mathematical model of electron transfer within the mitochondrial respiratory cytochromes. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 213, 197–207.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Langton, JA, Murphy, PJ, Barker, P, Key, A, Smith, G. (1993). Measurement of the sensitivity of upper airway reflexes. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 70, 126–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nandwani, N, Raphael, J, Langton, JA. (1997). Effect of an upper respiratory tract infection on upper airway reactivity. British Journal of Anaesthesia, 78, 352–355.Google Scholar
Nishino, T. (2000). Physiological and pathophysiological implications of upper airway reflexes in humans. Japanese Journal of Physiology, 50, 3–14.Google Scholar
O’Driscoll, BR, Howard, LS, Davison, AG. (2008). BTS guideline for emergency oxygen use in adult patients. Thorax, 63(Suppl 6), 1–68.Google Scholar
Olsson, GL, Hallen, B. (1984). Laryngospasm during anaesthesia. A computer aided incidence study in 136,929 patients. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, 28, 567–575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed