The endurance of convict mobility globally over a period of five centuries disrupts the dominant narrative of the history of punishment, which has foregrounded the rise of prisons and penitentiaries as the key means of effecting governance and enforcing social discipline in the nineteenth century and later. Indeed, what emerges from the global perspective on penality presented in this book is not just evidence of the survival of early-modern forms of punitive mobility into the modern period, but their ongoing expansion, development, and refinement. Convict movement was connected to other architectures of punishment and confinement and was part of a broader repertoire of governmentality and social control, including the management of labour, and which was sometimes judicial and sometimes extra-legal or administrative. This was true of the widely varying case studies addressed here, ranging from petty criminals, soldiers, vagrants, and sex workers in European capitals to the insurgent slave societies of their colonies, and from political opponents to military mutineers in nations and empires alike. Enveloped in global penal flows, convicts moved between and around ever-evolving penal spaces – presidios, hulks, prisons, barracks, and camps – located on islands, littorals, and borderlands.