Chapter 5 examines how an essential element of the Refugee Convention definition, namely the ‘well-founded fear of being persecuted’, is applied and interpreted by judicial authorities when appellants flee contemporary armed conflicts. It sets out that only appellants who had experienced past persecution or singling out had their claim examined under the Refugee Convention. The chapter also discusses the finding that although appellate authorities have some awareness of gender norms, these are considered fixed, such that any departure from them is disbelieved and results in a negative risk assessment. Appellate authorities in the EU thus apply a higher standard of proof than warranted in international refugee law. In effect, this has led to a modification of the standard of proof in international refugee law as it is now equated with the assessment of credibility, which itself can be highly gendered. The chapter claims that the practice acts as barrier to the international protection of persons fleeing contemporary armed conflicts. Further, the failure to examine the general conditions of violence in contemporary armed conflicts is contrary to the obligations of states under international law.