The hopeful words of any nation's founding fathers are likely to be read with some degree of irony a half-century later. In India, half-centennial reflections on the past were occasioned not only by the country's anniversary but also by the end of the millennium, a focus for stocktaking everywhere. If the words of the founding fathers at times rang hollow, they also, in fact, predicted many successes, not least India's proud claim to be the world's largest democracy (plate 9.1). A baker's dozen of general elections, by century's end, and hundreds of state elections had produced a vastly enlarged and very lively political system. In the year of the golden anniversary, K. R. Narayanan (1920–2005), Dalit by birth, was sworn in as India's president, a powerful symbol of the progress and aspirations of ‘untouchables’. The role of president, importantly, one might note, had been assumed on two earlier occasions in the half-century by a Muslim and, most poignantly, at the time of Indira Gandhi's assassination, by a Sikh. The Supreme Court's activism, for example in indictments of top government and political leaders for bribery and corruption as well as in favouring public-interest litigation, had strengthened the effective exercise of civil liberties.